The Thymus Gland (Thymus) Aspects in Children (Review of Literature)

Korzhavov Sherali  Oblakulovich; Yusupov Mirza  Muradovich; Alamova Fariza  Ashrafovna; Nuraliev Akhror  Azamovich; Tursunova Dilnura Akram  Kizi

Korzhavov Sherali Oblakulovich Teacher, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Samarkand
Yusupov Mirza Muradovich Senior Lecturer, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Samarkand
Alamova Fariza Ashrafovna Student , Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Samarkand
Nuraliev Akhror Azamovich Student , Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Samarkand
Tursunova Dilnura Akram Kizi Student , Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Samarkand

Keywords: thymus, children, thymic involution, thymic morphology

Abstract

The thymus gland (thymus) is a huge mystery of biology, medicine (primarily immunology) and, in particular, pediatrics. Despite the fact that it has been calling attention of researchers for over 4 centuries. Only in the 20th century, the attitude of scientists to the organ as to a generator and regulator of immune reactions, a participant in the production and differentiation of many populations of immunocompetent cells, and so on, was determined. The thymus is now regarded as a derivative of the immune system and, to a greater extent, as its central organ. Infectious diseases, systemic autoimmune diseases, oncology, the problem of tissue incompatibility determine the life expectancy of a person and therefore the scientific interest to the functions of the immune system and its central organ - the thymus gland is understandable. The key challenge of the study is in the huge number of integral connections of the thymus gland with other components of the immune system, microbiome, neuroendocrine, hematopoietic and connective tissues, organs (and cells) providing barrier function, etc. To isolate functions directly related to the thymus from this continuum is a high-tech task of extreme complexity. The interest of pediatricians in this area of knowledge is associated with a certain understanding of human ontogenesis from birth to old age, where the thymus plays a major role in the antenatal and early postnatal periods. The purpose of this review, as far as possible, is to isolate and focus on some, in our opinion, «white spots» of an ambiguous assessment of morphological transformations and functions attributed to the thymus gland, its structures and cell pool.

References

1. Ageeva V. A. Morphology of the thymus of a growing organism under the influence of dosed hypodynamy and hypokinesia: dis. - St. Petersburg: VA Ageeva, 2017.
2. Artishevsky A. A. Debating issues of the development of thymus. – 2016.
3. Akhmedova S. and others. Anthropometric indicators of physical development in children under 5 years old in samarkand region// InterConf. – 2020.
4. Bashmakov O. A. Microcirculatory channel and vascular tissue relationships of a human thymus capsule in pre-and postnatal ontogenesis: dis. - M.: OA Bashmakov, 2018.
5. Bahronov A.R. and others. Use of combined antiseptics in the treatment of acute pharyngitis//Bulletin of the Kazakh National Medical University. – 2014. – №. 2-3. - S. 14-15.
6. Bibikova AA, Pikalova LP, Blinova NV, Medvedeva AA. Pathomorphology of the thymus gland in children of the first three years of life in the Tver region in 2016. Tver Medical Journal. 2020; (4): 18-22.
7. Breusenko D.V. and others. Modern ideas about the morphology of the thymus//Pediatrician. – 2017. – T. 8. – №. 5. - S. 91-95.
8. Galeeva E. N. Morphological characteristic of the functional zones of human thymus in the intermediate fetal period of ontogenesis//Orenburg Medical Bulletin. – 2015. – T. 3. – №. 2 (10).
9. Gomon M. S. and others. Macroscopic features of children's thymus according to CT images taking into account age and sex//Bulletin of Volgograd State Medical University. – 2020. – №. 2 (74). - S. 57-60.
10. Huseynov T. S. and others. Morphology of colon lymph nodules in humans in ontogenesis//News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Medical sciences. – 2015. – №. 3 (35). - S. 5-14.
11. Islamov Sh. E. and others. Defects in the provision of medical care in the practice of otorhinolaryngology//Achievements in science and education. – 2020. – №. 4 (58).
12. Korzhavov S. O. and others. The role of the Latin language in medicine and in the modern world//International Scientific and Practical Conference World science. – ROST, 2017. – T. 5. – №. 6. - S. 40-42.
13. Korzhavov S. O. and others. Problems of forensic age determination (literature review)//Science and Peace. – 2020. – T. 1. – №. 3. - S. 62-65.
14. Korzhavov S. O. and others. Topical Problems of Cirrhosis of the Liver//Talim wa Rivozhlanish Taҳlili online ilmium magazine. – 2021. – T. 1. – №. 5. - S. 173-178.
15. Kulida L.V. Morphology of the thymus and placenta in fetuses and newborns with extremely low body weight: dis. - Yaroslavl: LV Kulida, 2010.
16. Khusanov E. U., Ismoilov O. I., Korzhavov Sh. O. Influence of umbilical cord blood cell preparations on skin morphology//International Scientific Review of the Problems of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Boston, USA. – 2019. - C. 383-394.
17. Khusanov E. U., Korzhavov Sh. O., Ortikbaeva N. T. Morphological picture of the degranulation of apudocytes of the gastroduodenal zone during experimental fasting//International Scientific and Practical Conference World science. – ROST, 2017. – T. 5. – №. 5. - S. 59-61.
18. Kuzmenko LG. Comments to discussion about human constitution, constitutional types and different diatheses. Pediatrics. 2005; 84(5): 76-84.
19. Lastovka I. N., Matveev V. A. Assessment of the magnitude of the thymus gland in newborns according to ultrasound research//Problems of health and ecology. – 2007. – №. 4. - S. 38-42.
20. Lemons D, McGinnic W. Genomic evolution of Hox gene clusters. Science. 2016
21. Loginova N.P. Immunomorphological aspects of the structure of thymus in children of the first year of life in congenital heart defects//Medical almanac. – 2015. – №. 2 (37). - S. 112-116.
22. Mudrak DA, NAvolokin NA, Myl'nikov AM, Polozhenkov AE, Maslyakova GN. Histological signs of the thymic enlargement. J of Anatomy and Histopathology. 2020
23. Nicholls G, Martin R, Wallace B, Fuchs P. From Neuron to Brain. M., 2013.
24. Sarenko A. A. Topographic-anatomical justification of the study of the thymus gland in prenatal ontogenesis//Bulletin of Orenburg State University. – 2011. – №. 16 (135). - C. 343-344.
25. Sikandar А, Shahzaib, Ullah N. Microarchitecture of the thymus gland, its age and disease-associated morphological alterations, and possible means to prolong its physiological activity. Thymus, 2020.
26. Shamatov I. Ya., Khushvakova N. Zh., Iskhakova F. Sh. COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LARINGITES//Collection of scientific articles based on the results of the International Scientific Forum. – 2019. – Page 98.
27. Polotsky B.E. and others. Thymus neoplasms (literature review)//Siberian Oncology Journal. – 2008. – №. 1. - S. 75-84.
28. Rovda Yu. I. and others. Aspects of childhood thymus gland (part iv). timus and covid-19//Mother and child in Kuzbass. – 2021. – №. 4 (87). - S. 17-26.
29. Silantyeva I.V. and others. Anatomological and morphological features and methods of assessing the transverse size and volume of the thymus gland in children//Mother and child in Kuzbass. – 2011. – №. 2. - S. 11-16.
30. Tolstova E. M., Zaitseva O. V. Physiology and pathology of the thymus in childhood//Pediatrics. Magazine named after MR. Speransky. – 2018. – T. 97. – №. 6. - S. 166-172.
31. Volkov V.P. Functional immunomorphology of the thymus in the aspect of ontogenesis//Innovations in science. – 2015. – №. 8 (45).
32. Zahid M. et al. Morphofunctional state of thymus during the introduction of the immunomodulator "Polyoxidonium "//Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after IYA Yakovlev. – 2011. – №. 4-1. - S. 88-93.
33. Zheleznov L. M. and others. Differences in the topography of the organs of the thoracic cavity of the fetus depending on the level relative to the spine//Bulletin of new medical technologies. – 2012. – T. 19. – №. 2. - S. 172-175.