The Immune System's Response to Breast Cancer and New Opportunities in Immunotherapy

Abstract

Breast cancer exists as one of the primary malignant diseases in females across the globe despite ongoing difficulties during its prevention and diagnostic stages and therapeutic cycles. Researchers have achieved major breakthroughs in cancer cell immunity during the last few years which resulted in the creation of new immunotherapeutic treatments. This article investigates how breast cancer triggers immune system molecular and biochemical responses through research of immune cells like T-lymphocytes and NK cells alongside macrophages while studying the effect of tumor microenvironment on these responses. The article examines how PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitors function alongside monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T cell therapy as present-day immunotherapeutic methods. Although breast cancer belongs to the immunologic "cold" tumor group patients sometimes demonstrate beneficial reactions to new therapeutic methods. The clinical outcome and survival time for patients have been improved using combination treatments which link immunotherapy with standard treatments including chemotherapy and radiation. The implementation of immunotherapy requires resolving three main barriers that include autoimmune side effects and costly treatments and the issue of proper patient selection processes. The potential for future improvements in treatment results stems from genetic profiling with personalized immunotherapy combined with AI-based prediction systems. The article emphasizes the necessity of studying how immunotherapy treats different breast cancer subtypes specifically in Uzbekistan due to little published research in this area. The data shows why breast cancer treatment requires individualized treatment plans because they promote effective patient care and improved prognosis.