Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality Index in Kirkuk City, Iraq
Keywords:
WQI, Kirkuk, Salinity, Nitrate, Total bacterial count
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the Drinking Water Quality Index (WQI) in Kirkuk City over the period from October 2023 to April 2024. To achieve this, water samples were systematically collected from seven different locations: the collection basin, pumping basin, Rahimawa area, Al-Mas area, Al-Wasiti neighborhood, Al-Hajjaj neighborhood, and Area 55. The WQI was calculated based on an extensive analysis of several key physical, chemical, and biological properties. The physical properties assessed included turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), electrical conductivity, and salinity. The chemical properties measured were pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, chloride, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate, and fluoride. Additionally, biological properties such as total bacterial count, coliform bacteria, and fecal bacteria were evaluated. The results of the study indicated that the Kirkuk water treatment plant is highly effective in altering the characteristics of raw water. This effectiveness was reflected in the excellent values recorded for the Water Quality Index across all sampled sites. The specific WQI values were as follows: site two recorded a WQI of 24.62, site three 25.78, site four 37.53, site six 37.57, site five 39.57, and site seven 42.19. These findings suggest that the water treatment station is highly efficient in producing water that is suitable for daily sanitary purposes, thereby ensuring the safety and quality of drinking water for the residents of Kirkuk City.
References
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25. Morin-Crini N, Lichtfouse E, Liu G, Balaram V, Ribeiro AR, Lu Z, Stock F, Carmona E, Teixeira MR, Picos-Corrales LA, Moreno-Pirajan JC. Worldwide cases of water pollution by emerging contaminants: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2022;20(4):2311-38.
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28. QASEEM, NAJLAA., Al-SAFFAWI, ABDULAZEES., KHALID, MAHER.(2022). Qualitative Assessment of Water Resources for Watering Livestock and Poultry: A Case Study of The Waters of Duhok Valley, Kurdistan Region of IRAQ. ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY. ISSN: 0970-020 X, Vol. 38, No.(4): Pg. 990-997.
29. Sahoo, S., and Khaoash, S. (2020). Impact assessment of coal mining on groundwater chemistry and its quality from Brajrajnagar coal mining area using indexing models. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,215 (1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j) gexplo. 2020. 106559
30. Standard specification 417 for drinking water. 2001. Central Council of Ministers for Systemic Type Standardization. Republic of Iraq. M. Q. A/417/2001 Q/417/2001.
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32. Uddin M. G., Moniruzzaman M., Khan M., Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Using CCME Water Quality Index in the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant Area, Ishwardi, Pabna, Bangladesh American Journal of Environmental Protection, 5 (2), 33-43, 2017.
33. Zhang, B., Song, X., Zhang, Y., Han, D., Tang, C., Yu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2012). Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water and groundwater in Songnen plain, Northeast China. Water research, 46(8),2737-2748.
2. Al-Azzawi, Israa Salman Dles (2010). An Environmental and Bacteriological Study of the Water of the Al-Alam Irrigation Project within Salahuddin Governorate, Master's Thesis, College of Science / University of Tikrit.
3. Al-Bajari, Khudr Abbas Alawi, Shaima Fateh Ali. (2023). Assessment of Some Environmental Characteristics and Pollutants and Their Impact on the Tigris River within Salah Al-Din Governorate. Master's Thesis, Tikrit University. 73 pages.
4. Al-Fatlawi, Yaarub Falih Khalaf (2007). "Study on the Drinking Water Quality of Some Baghdad Water Supply Projects," Ph.D. thesis, College of Science, University of Baghdad.
5. Al-Fatlawi, Yarub Faleh Khalaf (2007), Study of drinking water quality for some Baghdad water desalination projects, Doctoral thesis, College of Science, University of Baghdad.
6. Al-Hamdani, Ahmed Shihab Ahmed, and Al-Saffawi, Abdulaziz Younis Tala (2018). "Assessment of the Water Quality of Right Bank Wells in Mosul City for Drinking Purposes Using Water Quality Index (WQI) Guide." Proceedings of the First International Conference and the Third Scientific Conference of the College of Science - University of Tikrit, December 17-18, 2018 (Part 3): 23-32.
7. Al-Obaidi, Muhammad Aziz Namik (2014). An Environmental Study on the Quality of Groundwater in the Tuz District and Its Surrounding Villages. Master's Thesis, College of Science, University of Tikrit.
8. Al-Rawi, Sati Mahmoud (1999). Some aspects of pollution in the Tigris River in the city of Mosul. Journal of Sustainable Environmental Research,( 2) 86-96.
9. Al-Saffawi, A. Y. T. and Al-Barzanji, A. J. A. (2020). Application of the sub-index model for valuation water quality for irrigation uses: A case study of groundwater in Al-Rashidiya area, North of Mosul city of Iraq. Science Archives. 1(2): 61-67.
10. Al-Saffawi, A.Y.T.(2018). Assessment of groundwater for irrigation and domestic suitability by using (WQI) in Singiar district eastern of Mosul city Iraq. Mesopo. Environ.J.Speciallssue.75-84.
11. APHA, AWWA and WCPE. (2017). Stand Method for Examination of water and wastewater".23th ed., Washington, DC, USA. https://doi org/10.2105/SMWW.2882.216.
12. Boateng, T. K. ; Opoku, F.; Acquaah S. O. and Akoto, O. (2016) Ground water quality assessment using statistical approach and water quality index in Ejisu-Juaben Municipality. Ghana Environ Earth Sci. 75(489):1-14.
13. Boyd, C. E., & Boyd, C. E. (2020). Dissolved solids. Water Quality: An Introduction, 83-118.
14. Dehoum, Hussein Ramadan, Arfidah, Abdel Salam Ibrahim Washita, Omar Al-Taher. (2017). Biological removal of nitrates from water using a granular activated carbon reactor (Doctoral dissertation), Journal of Education, Issue 3.
15. Deidan, M. T. A., and AbdelQader, R. S.(2022). Assessment of the quality and coefficient of water quality of Hawija district using treatment the Water Quality Index (WIQ). University of Kirkuk.
16. Douri, Ahoud Nazhan Nouman. (2020). A Study of the Physical and Chemical Properties and Some Heavy Metals in the Waters of the Tigris River within Salah al-Din Governorate. Master's thesis, College of Science, Life Sciences, Tikrit University.
17. Ghareeb OA, Ali QA. Waterborne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens. Texas Journal of Medical Science. 2023 Jun 20;21:63-69.
18. Holzinger A, Keiblinger K, Holub P, Zatloukal K, Müller H. AI for life :Trends in artificial intelligence for biotechnology. New Biotechnology. 2023 May 25;74:16-24.
19. Ibrahim, M. N. (2019). Assessing Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose in Jordan: Application of Water Quality Index. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 20(3).101-111. https://doi.org/10.9734/ sajrm/ 2020/v6i130139
20. Jehan S, Ullah I, Khan S, Muhammad S, Khattak SA, Khan T. Evaluation of the Swat River, Northern Pakistan, water quality using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index (WQI) model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020 Nov;27:38545-58.
21. Kristanti RA, Hadibarata T, Syafrudin M, Yılmaz M, Abdullah S Microbiological contaminants in drinking water: Current status and challenges. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2022 Aug;233(8):299.
22. Maskooni, E. K., Naseri-Rad, M., Berndtsson, R., and Nakagawa, K. (2020). Use of Heavy Metal Content and Modified Water Quality Index to Assess Groundwater Quality in a Semiarid Area. Water, 12(4), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041115
23. Maulood, B.K and Bony,AD.(1983).Phytoplankton ecology of Rusky (Scotland). Nova Hedwigia, 37:473-486.
24. Mohammed, Samira Faydallah (2018). A study of some physical and chemical properties of some wells, springs, and the Aw Sapi River in Qader Karam district and the determination of their suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 4.
25. Morin-Crini N, Lichtfouse E, Liu G, Balaram V, Ribeiro AR, Lu Z, Stock F, Carmona E, Teixeira MR, Picos-Corrales LA, Moreno-Pirajan JC. Worldwide cases of water pollution by emerging contaminants: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2022;20(4):2311-38.
26. Nag, S. K., & Das, S. (2017). Assessment of groundwater quality from Bankura I and II Blocks, Bankura District, West Bengal, India. Applied Water Science, 7(6), 2787-2802.
27. Qaseem N-S, Khalid AYT, M. (2022) Qualitative assessment of water resources for watering livestock and poultry: a case study of the waters of Duhok valley, Kurdistan region of Iraq. Orient J Chem 38(4):990-997.
28. QASEEM, NAJLAA., Al-SAFFAWI, ABDULAZEES., KHALID, MAHER.(2022). Qualitative Assessment of Water Resources for Watering Livestock and Poultry: A Case Study of The Waters of Duhok Valley, Kurdistan Region of IRAQ. ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY. ISSN: 0970-020 X, Vol. 38, No.(4): Pg. 990-997.
29. Sahoo, S., and Khaoash, S. (2020). Impact assessment of coal mining on groundwater chemistry and its quality from Brajrajnagar coal mining area using indexing models. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,215 (1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j) gexplo. 2020. 106559
30. Standard specification 417 for drinking water. 2001. Central Council of Ministers for Systemic Type Standardization. Republic of Iraq. M. Q. A/417/2001 Q/417/2001.
31. Sudhaik A, Raizada P, Shandilya P, Jeong DY, Lim JH, Singh P. Review on fabrication of graphitic carbon nitride based efficient nanocomposites for photodegradation of aqueous phase organic pollutants. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2018;67:28-51.
32. Uddin M. G., Moniruzzaman M., Khan M., Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Using CCME Water Quality Index in the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant Area, Ishwardi, Pabna, Bangladesh American Journal of Environmental Protection, 5 (2), 33-43, 2017.
33. Zhang, B., Song, X., Zhang, Y., Han, D., Tang, C., Yu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2012). Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water and groundwater in Songnen plain, Northeast China. Water research, 46(8),2737-2748.
Published
2024-07-13
How to Cite
Jumaa, M. W., & Abdulqader, R. S. (2024). Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality Index in Kirkuk City, Iraq. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 5(3), 815-823. Retrieved from https://www.cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2517
Section
Articles
