The Role of Microalgae in Improving The Quality of Industrial Wastewater and Reducing Environmental Pollution
Keywords:
Wastewater, Microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella saccharophila, Water quality
Abstract
Industrial water pollution results in severe health hazard to the people besides enhancing the level of environmental pollution. Given its capabilities to successfully filter pollutants and generate useful biomass, microalgae have become a suitable and efficient manner of wastewater treatment. This work investigates the efficiency of Chlorella saccharophila (CSA) and Chlorella vulgaris (CVS) for wastewater treatment. The outcomes suggested reliable reductions in some of the chemical parameters including chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, electrical conductivity and total suspended solids when Chlorella species were applied on the wastewater. Decrease in the quantity of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) also clearly indicates that how effectively Chlorella species remove hazardous materials from wastewater. Another important effect was the decrease of the pH after treatment by Chlorella species, which affects pathogen inactivation as well as the further treatment steps. The differences in the growth rates as well as the capacities for nutrient removal between CVS and CSA might have been responsible for any differences in the efficiency of pollutant removal. CSA offered superiority over CVS for the removal of TDS; TAN and COD were better removed by CVS. Overall, the study indicated that Chlorella species may prove to be a cheap and effective bio-remediation method of wastewater. Heavy metals, organic pollutants and nutrients, amongst other, could be removed by the microalgae. The treated water met the discharge standards for some parameters because the treated wastewater could be released into the environment. Overall, the results point to the possibility of using Chlorella species as an affordable and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment technique.
References
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20. Malik, D., Sharma, A. K., Sharma, A. K., Thakur, R., & Sharma, M. (2020). A review on impact of water pollution on freshwater fish species and their aquatic environment. Advances in environmental pollution management: wastewater impacts and treatment technologies, 1, 10-28.
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24. Orejuela-Escobar, L., Gualle, A., Ochoa-Herrera, V., & Philippidis, G. P. (2021). Prospects of microalgae for biomaterial production and environmental applications at biorefineries. Sustainability, 13(6), 3063.
25. Oruganti, R. K., Katam, K., Show, P. L., Gadhamshetty, V., Upadhyayula, V. K. K., & Bhattacharyya, D. (2022). A comprehensive review on the use of algal-bacterial systems for wastewater treatment with emphasis on nutrient and micropollutant removal. Bioengineered, 13(4), 10412-10453.
26. Piasecka, A., & Baier, A. (2022). Metabolic and proteomic analysis of Chlorella sorokiniana, Chloroidium saccharofilum, and Chlorella vulgaris cells cultured in autotrophic, photoheterotrophic, and mixotrophic cultivation modes. Molecules, 27(15), 4817.
27. Pratap, B., Kumar, S., Nand, S., Azad, I., Bharagava, R. N., Ferreira, L. F. R., & Dutta, V. (2023). Wastewater generation and treatment by various eco-friendly technologies: Possible health hazards and further reuse for environmental safety. Chemosphere, 313, 137547.
28. Sadvakasova, A. K., Kossalbayev, B. D., Bauenova, M. O., Balouch, H., Leong, Y. K., Zayadan, B. K., Huang, Z., Alharby, H. F., Tomo, T., & Chang, J.-S. (2023). Microalgae as a key tool in achieving carbon neutrality for bioproduct production. Algal Research, 103096.
29. Saeed, M. U., Hussain, N., Shahbaz, A., Hameed, T., Iqbal, H. M., & Bilal, M. (2022). Bioprospecting microalgae and cyanobacteria for biopharmaceutical applications. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 62(9), 1110-1124.
30. Salbitani, G., & Carfagna, S. (2021). Ammonium utilization in microalgae: A sustainable method for wastewater treatment. Sustainability, 13(2), 956.
31. Shu, Y., Zhao, Y., Linghu, X., Liu, W., Shan, D., Zhang, C., Yi, R., Li, X., & Wang, B. (2024). NaGdF4: Yb, Er@ ZIF‐8/MnO2 for photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants and pathogenic bacteria. EcoMat, 6(1), e12427.
32. Singh, D. V., Bhat, R. A., Upadhyay, A. K., Singh, R., & Singh, D. (2021). Microalgae in aquatic environs: a sustainable approach for remediation of heavy metals and emerging contaminants. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 21, 101340.
33. Song, Y., Wang, L., Qiang, X., Gu, W., Ma, Z., & Wang, G. (2022). The promising way to treat wastewater by microalgae: Approaches, mechanisms, applications and challenges. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 49, 103012.
34. Szalkowska, K., & Zubrowska-Sudol, M. (2023). Opportunities for Water Reuse Implementation in Metropolitan Areas in a Complex Approach with an LCA Analysis, Taking Warsaw, Poland as an Example. Sustainability, 15(2), 1190.
35. Taghavijeloudar, M., Yaqoubnejad, P., Amini-Rad, H., & Park, J. (2021). Optimization of cultivation condition of newly isolated strain Chlorella sorokiniana pa. 91 for CO 2 bio-fixation and nutrients removal from wastewater: Impact of temperature and light intensity. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 1-13.
36. Tan, X.-B., Wang, L., Wan, X.-P., Zhou, X.-N., Yang, L.-B., Zhang, W.-W., & Zhao, X.-C. (2021). Growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa on different septic tank effluents from rural areas for lipids production and pollutants removal. Bioresource Technology, 339, 125502.
37. Tiwari, A. K., & Pal, D. B. (2022). Nutrients contamination and eutrophication in the river ecosystem. In Ecological Significance of River Ecosystems (pp. 203-216). Elsevier.
38. Wang, Z., Liao, Y., Li, X., Shuang, C., Pan, Y., Li, Y., & Li, A. (2022). Effect of ammonia on acute toxicity and disinfection byproducts formation during chlorination of secondary wastewater effluents. Science of The Total Environment, 826, 153916.
39. Zhao, S., Li, H., Guo, J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Song, Y., Lu, C., Han, Y., Zhang, D., & Hou, Y. (2022). Formation of anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) to treat high-strength perchlorate wastewater via anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) system: Electron transfer characteristic, bacterial community and positive feedback mechanism. Science of The Total Environment, 828, 154531.
2. Baldisserotto, C., Demaria, S., Accoto, O., Marchesini, R., Zanella, M., Benetti, L., Avolio, F., Maglie, M., Ferroni, L., & Pancaldi, S. (2020). Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from thickening effluent of an urban wastewater treatment plant by an isolated green microalga. Plants, 9(12), 1802.
3. Bharti, R. K., Singh, A., Dhar, D. W., & Kaushik, A. (2022). Biological carbon dioxide sequestration by microalgae for biofuel and biomaterials production. In Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals (pp. 137-153). Elsevier.
4. Chai, W. S., Tan, W. G., Munawaroh, H. S. H., Gupta, V. K., Ho, S.-H., & Show, P. L. (2021). Multifaceted roles of microalgae in the application of wastewater biotreatment: a review. Environmental Pollution, 269, 116236.
5. Cheng, C.-L., Lo, Y.-C., Huang, K.-L., Nagarajan, D., Chen, C.-Y., Lee, D.-J., & Chang, J.-S. (2022). Effect of pH on biomass production and carbohydrate accumulation of Chlorella vulgaris JSC-6 under autotrophic, mixotrophic, and photoheterotrophic cultivation. Bioresource Technology, 351, 127021.
6. Deviram, G., Mathimani, T., Anto, S., Ahamed, T. S., Ananth, D. A., & Pugazhendhi, A. (2020). Applications of microalgal and cyanobacterial biomass on a way to safe, cleaner and a sustainable environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119770.
7. Dolganyuk, V., Belova, D., Babich, O., Prosekov, A., Ivanova, S., Katserov, D., Patyukov, N., & Sukhikh, S. (2020). Microalgae: A promising source of valuable bioproducts. Biomolecules, 10(8), 1153.
8. Dragone, G. (2022). Challenges and opportunities to increase economic feasibility and sustainability of mixotrophic cultivation of green microalgae of the genus Chlorella. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 160, 112284.
9. Elshafey, A., Khalafalla, M., Zaid, A., & Abdel-Rahim, M. (2022). Spirulina and/or Canthaxanthin-Enriched Artemia Enhances Pigmentation, Performance, Immunity, Histology, and Somatolactin and Growth Hormone Gene Expression of Goldfish, Carassius auratus.
10. Elshafey, A. E., Khalafalla, M. M., Zaid, A. A. A., Mohamed, R. A., & Abdel-Rahim, M. M. (2023). Source diversity of Artemia enrichment boosts goldfish (Carassius auratus) performance, β-carotene content, pigmentation, immune-physiological and transcriptomic responses. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 21801.
11. Ezzat, N., Al-Hawary, I., Elshafey, A., Althobaiti, N., & Elbialy, Z. I. (2024). Effect of Seasonal Changes in Heavy Metals on the Histomorphology of the Liver and Gills of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in Burullus Lake, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 55(6), 1705-1716.
12. Findlay, H. S., & Turley, C. (2021). Ocean acidification and climate change. In Climate Change (pp. 251-279). Elsevier.
13. Fu, Q., Liu, X., Wu, Y., Wang, D., Xu, Q., & Yang, J. (2021). The fate and impact of coagulants/flocculants in sludge treatment systems. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 7(8), 1387-1401.
14. Garg, S., Chowdhury, Z. Z., Faisal, A. N. M., Rumjit, N. P., & Thomas, P. (2022). Impact of industrial wastewater on environment and human health. Advanced Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation of Water: Comparative Study of Water Pollution Index during Pre-industrial, Industrial Period and Prospect of Wastewater Treatment for Water Resource Conservation, 197-209.
15. Hashem, M. S., & Qi, X. (2021). Treated wastewater irrigation—A review. Water, 13(11), 1527.
16. Jacob-Lopes, E., Maroneze, M. M., Queiroz, M. I., & Zepka, L. Q. (2020). Handbook of microalgae-based processes and products: fundamentals and advances in energy, food, feed, fertilizer, and bioactive compounds. Academic Press.
17. Jahanbani, A., Mokhtari, M., & Takafouyan, M. (2023). Adaptive Mechanisms of Fish under Conditions of Ammonia Toxicity. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 49(3), 152-163. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074023030070
18. La Bella, E., Baglieri, A., Fragalà, F., & Puglisi, I. (2022). Multipurpose agricultural reuse of microalgae biomasses employed for the treatment of urban wastewater. Agronomy, 12(2), 234.
19. Maiolo, M., & Pantusa, D. (2021). Multivariate analysis of water quality data for drinking water supply systems. Water, 13(13), 1766.
20. Malik, D., Sharma, A. K., Sharma, A. K., Thakur, R., & Sharma, M. (2020). A review on impact of water pollution on freshwater fish species and their aquatic environment. Advances in environmental pollution management: wastewater impacts and treatment technologies, 1, 10-28.
21. Mishra, R. K. (2023). Fresh water availability and its global challenge. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 4(3), 1-78.
22. Morillas-España, A., Lafarga, T., Sánchez-Zurano, A., Acién-Fernández, F. G., & González-López, C. (2022). Microalgae based wastewater treatment coupled to the production of high value agricultural products: Current needs and challenges. Chemosphere, 291, 132968.
23. Mu, R., Jia, Y., Ma, G., Liu, L., Hao, K., Qi, F., & Shao, Y. (2021). Advances in the use of microalgal–bacterial consortia for wastewater treatment: Community structures, interactions, economic resource reclamation, and study techniques. Water Environment Research, 93(8), 1217-1230.
24. Orejuela-Escobar, L., Gualle, A., Ochoa-Herrera, V., & Philippidis, G. P. (2021). Prospects of microalgae for biomaterial production and environmental applications at biorefineries. Sustainability, 13(6), 3063.
25. Oruganti, R. K., Katam, K., Show, P. L., Gadhamshetty, V., Upadhyayula, V. K. K., & Bhattacharyya, D. (2022). A comprehensive review on the use of algal-bacterial systems for wastewater treatment with emphasis on nutrient and micropollutant removal. Bioengineered, 13(4), 10412-10453.
26. Piasecka, A., & Baier, A. (2022). Metabolic and proteomic analysis of Chlorella sorokiniana, Chloroidium saccharofilum, and Chlorella vulgaris cells cultured in autotrophic, photoheterotrophic, and mixotrophic cultivation modes. Molecules, 27(15), 4817.
27. Pratap, B., Kumar, S., Nand, S., Azad, I., Bharagava, R. N., Ferreira, L. F. R., & Dutta, V. (2023). Wastewater generation and treatment by various eco-friendly technologies: Possible health hazards and further reuse for environmental safety. Chemosphere, 313, 137547.
28. Sadvakasova, A. K., Kossalbayev, B. D., Bauenova, M. O., Balouch, H., Leong, Y. K., Zayadan, B. K., Huang, Z., Alharby, H. F., Tomo, T., & Chang, J.-S. (2023). Microalgae as a key tool in achieving carbon neutrality for bioproduct production. Algal Research, 103096.
29. Saeed, M. U., Hussain, N., Shahbaz, A., Hameed, T., Iqbal, H. M., & Bilal, M. (2022). Bioprospecting microalgae and cyanobacteria for biopharmaceutical applications. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 62(9), 1110-1124.
30. Salbitani, G., & Carfagna, S. (2021). Ammonium utilization in microalgae: A sustainable method for wastewater treatment. Sustainability, 13(2), 956.
31. Shu, Y., Zhao, Y., Linghu, X., Liu, W., Shan, D., Zhang, C., Yi, R., Li, X., & Wang, B. (2024). NaGdF4: Yb, Er@ ZIF‐8/MnO2 for photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants and pathogenic bacteria. EcoMat, 6(1), e12427.
32. Singh, D. V., Bhat, R. A., Upadhyay, A. K., Singh, R., & Singh, D. (2021). Microalgae in aquatic environs: a sustainable approach for remediation of heavy metals and emerging contaminants. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 21, 101340.
33. Song, Y., Wang, L., Qiang, X., Gu, W., Ma, Z., & Wang, G. (2022). The promising way to treat wastewater by microalgae: Approaches, mechanisms, applications and challenges. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 49, 103012.
34. Szalkowska, K., & Zubrowska-Sudol, M. (2023). Opportunities for Water Reuse Implementation in Metropolitan Areas in a Complex Approach with an LCA Analysis, Taking Warsaw, Poland as an Example. Sustainability, 15(2), 1190.
35. Taghavijeloudar, M., Yaqoubnejad, P., Amini-Rad, H., & Park, J. (2021). Optimization of cultivation condition of newly isolated strain Chlorella sorokiniana pa. 91 for CO 2 bio-fixation and nutrients removal from wastewater: Impact of temperature and light intensity. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 1-13.
36. Tan, X.-B., Wang, L., Wan, X.-P., Zhou, X.-N., Yang, L.-B., Zhang, W.-W., & Zhao, X.-C. (2021). Growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa on different septic tank effluents from rural areas for lipids production and pollutants removal. Bioresource Technology, 339, 125502.
37. Tiwari, A. K., & Pal, D. B. (2022). Nutrients contamination and eutrophication in the river ecosystem. In Ecological Significance of River Ecosystems (pp. 203-216). Elsevier.
38. Wang, Z., Liao, Y., Li, X., Shuang, C., Pan, Y., Li, Y., & Li, A. (2022). Effect of ammonia on acute toxicity and disinfection byproducts formation during chlorination of secondary wastewater effluents. Science of The Total Environment, 826, 153916.
39. Zhao, S., Li, H., Guo, J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Song, Y., Lu, C., Han, Y., Zhang, D., & Hou, Y. (2022). Formation of anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) to treat high-strength perchlorate wastewater via anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) system: Electron transfer characteristic, bacterial community and positive feedback mechanism. Science of The Total Environment, 828, 154531.
Published
2024-07-01
How to Cite
Saeed, M. H. S. (2024). The Role of Microalgae in Improving The Quality of Industrial Wastewater and Reducing Environmental Pollution. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 5(3), 758-768. Retrieved from https://www.cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2503
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Articles
