Socio-demographic-related Factors Associated with Types of Cesarean Sections among Mothers
Keywords:
Socio-demographic Factors, Cesarean Sections, Types Cesarean Sections
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the socio-demographic-related factors associated with types of cesarean sections among mothers in Karbala city/ Iraq. The descriptive analytical study was conducted among two types of caesarian section (elective and emergency) in Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital in Karbala Governorate for the period of October 1st 2023 to February 20th 2024. The current research is centered on a cohort of mothers who have undergone caesarean sections, utilizing a non-probability sampling methodology. The study encompasses a total of 270 mothers. Data were collected through interviews and analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The findings indicate 80.7% of mothers aged over 20, 83% with an education, and 83.4% unemployed. Monthly income was sufficient for 77.8%. Body mass index (BMI) showed 70.7% with a normal BMI and 29.3% classified as obese. The research found a significant correlation between maternal age and elective caesarean section, with mothers under 20 having a higher likelihood [OR=5.983; 95%CI; p=.000]. Education level also played a role, with uneducated mothers having a twenty times greater likelihood of elective caesarean section [OR=20.477; 95%CI; p=.000]. The research highlights the crucial stance of maternal age the likelihood of elective caesarean section delivery, particularly among mothers under 20 and the uneducated mothers having a higher chance. Policy makers and healthcare providers should be involved in creating intervention and education programs that can enhance pregnant women’s decision-making on maternal healthcare.
References
1. Boerma, T., Ronsmans, C., Melesse, D. Y., Barros, A. J., Barros, F. C., Juan, L., ... & Temmerman, M. (2018). Global epidemiology of use of and disparities in caesarean sections. The Lancet, 392(10155), 1341-1348.
2. Doraiswamy, S., Billah, S. M., Karim, F., Siraj, M. S., Buckingham, A., & Kingdon, C. (2021). Physician–patient communication in decision-making about Caesarean sections in eight district hospitals in Bangladesh: a mixed-method study. Reproductive health, 18(1), 1-14.
3. Vora, K. S., Cottagiri, S. A., Saiyed, S., & Tailor, P. J. P. H. (2019). Public Health aspects of Cesarean section including overuse and underuse of the procedure. Int Res J Public Health, 3, 30.
4. Acharya, K., & Paudel, Y. R. (2021). Trend and sociodemographic correlates of cesarean section utilization in Nepal: evidence from demographic and health surveys 2006-2016. BioMed research international, 2021.
5. Shabila, N. P. (2017). Rates and trends in cesarean sections between 2008 and 2012 in Iraq. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 17, 1-6.
6. Alheshimi, S. J., Majeed, A. H., Abdulla, K. N., Rassme, H. A., Fadhil, N. K., & Fawzi, H. A. (2019). The prevalence of cesarean section in Misan province and it’s indicating factors. EXECUTIVE EDITOR, 10(3), 412.
7. Kitaw, T. M., Limenh, S. K., Chekole, F. A., Getie, S. A., Gemeda, B. N., & Engda, A. S. (2021). Decision to delivery interval and associated factors for emergency cesarean section: a cross-sectional study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 21, 1-7.
8. Antoniou, E., Orovou, E., Iliadou, M., Sarella, A., Palaska, E., Sarantaki, A., ... & Dagla, M. (2021). Factors associated with the type of cesarean section in Greece and their correlation with international guidelines. Acta Informatica Medica, 29(1), 38.
9. Khan, M. N., Islam, M. M., Shariff, A. A., Alam, M. M., & Rahman, M. M. (2017). Socio-demographic predictors and average annual rates of caesarean section in Bangladesh between 2004 and 2014. PloS one, 12(5), e0177579.
10. Rydahl, E., Declercq, E., Juhl, M., & Maimburg, R. D. (2019). Cesarean section on a rise—Does advanced maternal age explain the increase? A population register-based study. PloS one, 14(1), e0210655.
11. Martinelli, K. G., Gama, S. G. N. D., Almeida, A. H. D. V. D., Nakamura-Pereira, M., & Santos Neto, E. T. D. (2021). Prelabor cesarean section: the role of advanced maternal age and associated factors. Revista de saude publica, 55.
12. Faisal-Cury, A., Menezes, P. R., Quayle, J., Santiago, K., & Matijasevich, A. (2017). The relationship between indicators of socioeconomic status and cesarean section in public hospitals. Revista de saude publica, 51.
13. Sanders, R. A., & Crozier, K. (2018). How do informal information sources influence women’s decision-making for birth? A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18(1), 1-26.
14. Mielewczyk, F. J., & Boyle, E. M. (2023). Uncharted territory: a narrative review of parental involvement in decision-making about late preterm and early term delivery. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23(1), 526.
15. Lane, H., Sarkies, M., Martin, J., & Haines, T. (2017). Equity in healthcare resource allocation decision making: a systematic review. Social science & medicine, 175, 11-27.
16. Kumar, P., Srivastava, S., Chaudhary, P., & Muhammad, T. (2023). Factors contributing to socio-economic inequality in utilization of caesarean section delivery among women in Indonesia: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey. Plos one, 18(9), e0291485.
17. Lavin, T., & Preen, D. B. (2018). Investigating caesarean section birth as a risk factor for childhood overweight. Childhood Obesity, 14(2), 131-138.
18. Kifle, M. M., Kesete, H. F., Gaim, H. T., Angosom, G. S., & Araya, M. B. (2018). Health facility or home delivery? Factors influencing the choice of delivery place among mothers living in rural communities of Eritrea. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 37, 1-15.
19. Shirzad, M., Shakibazadeh, E., Betran, A. P., Bohren, M. A., & Abedini, M. (2019). Women’s perspectives on health facility and system levels factors influencing mode of delivery in Tehran: a qualitative study. Reproductive health, 16, 1-11.
20. Sanders, R. A., & Crozier, K. (2018). How do informal information sources influence women’s decision-making for birth? A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18(1), 1-26.
21. Katide, G. (2019). An exploration of the psycho-social experience of mothers who gave birth prematurely in a low socio-economic context in North West (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University (South-Africa)).
22. Amjad, A., Amjad, U., Zakar, R., Usman, A., Zakar, M. Z., & Fischer, F. (2018). Factors associated with caesarean deliveries among child-bearing women in Pakistan: secondary analysis of data from the demographic and health survey, 2012–13. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18(1), 1-9.
23. Islam, M. A., Sathi, N. J., Hossain, M. T., Jabbar, A., Renzaho, A. M., & Islam, S. M. S. (2022). Caesarean delivery and its association with educational attainment, wealth index, and place of residence in Sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 5554.
24. Budhathoki, S. S., Pokharel, P. K., Good, S., Limbu, S., Bhattachan, M., & Osborne, R. H. (2017). The potential of health literacy to address the health related UN sustainable development goal 3 (SDG3) in Nepal: a rapid review. BMC health services research, 17(1), 1-13.
25. Roy, P., Sah, V., Deb, N., & Jaiswal, V. (2023). Navigating the path of TOF-A Literature review unveiling maternal-fetal dynamics, treatment strategies and psychological dimensions. Disease-a-Month, 101659.
26. Betran, A. P., Temmerman, M., Kingdon, C., Mohiddin, A., Opiyo, N., Torloni, M. R., ... & Downe, S. (2018). Interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections in healthy women and babies. The Lancet, 392(10155), 1358-1368.
27. Elywy, G. J., Radhi, M. M., & Tuama, A. M. (2020). Determination the Causes of Neonatal Mortality during the Last 3 Years Ago in Al-Kut City. Prof.(Dr) RK Sharma, 20(3), 195.
28. Musihb, Z. S., Oleiwi, S. S., Abdolhassen, H. S., Ashour, Q. K., AL-Juboori, A. K., Abaid, K. B., ... & Hussain, E. N. (2022). Impact of behavioral problems of autistic children upon psychological stress of their family at autistic care centers in Holy Kerbala. International Journal of Health Sciences, (II), 2513-2528.
29. Jasim, R. N., & Oleiwi, S. S. (2023). Knowledge of Iraqi girls towards polycystic ovary syndrome. Health, 2, 1-14.
2. Doraiswamy, S., Billah, S. M., Karim, F., Siraj, M. S., Buckingham, A., & Kingdon, C. (2021). Physician–patient communication in decision-making about Caesarean sections in eight district hospitals in Bangladesh: a mixed-method study. Reproductive health, 18(1), 1-14.
3. Vora, K. S., Cottagiri, S. A., Saiyed, S., & Tailor, P. J. P. H. (2019). Public Health aspects of Cesarean section including overuse and underuse of the procedure. Int Res J Public Health, 3, 30.
4. Acharya, K., & Paudel, Y. R. (2021). Trend and sociodemographic correlates of cesarean section utilization in Nepal: evidence from demographic and health surveys 2006-2016. BioMed research international, 2021.
5. Shabila, N. P. (2017). Rates and trends in cesarean sections between 2008 and 2012 in Iraq. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 17, 1-6.
6. Alheshimi, S. J., Majeed, A. H., Abdulla, K. N., Rassme, H. A., Fadhil, N. K., & Fawzi, H. A. (2019). The prevalence of cesarean section in Misan province and it’s indicating factors. EXECUTIVE EDITOR, 10(3), 412.
7. Kitaw, T. M., Limenh, S. K., Chekole, F. A., Getie, S. A., Gemeda, B. N., & Engda, A. S. (2021). Decision to delivery interval and associated factors for emergency cesarean section: a cross-sectional study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 21, 1-7.
8. Antoniou, E., Orovou, E., Iliadou, M., Sarella, A., Palaska, E., Sarantaki, A., ... & Dagla, M. (2021). Factors associated with the type of cesarean section in Greece and their correlation with international guidelines. Acta Informatica Medica, 29(1), 38.
9. Khan, M. N., Islam, M. M., Shariff, A. A., Alam, M. M., & Rahman, M. M. (2017). Socio-demographic predictors and average annual rates of caesarean section in Bangladesh between 2004 and 2014. PloS one, 12(5), e0177579.
10. Rydahl, E., Declercq, E., Juhl, M., & Maimburg, R. D. (2019). Cesarean section on a rise—Does advanced maternal age explain the increase? A population register-based study. PloS one, 14(1), e0210655.
11. Martinelli, K. G., Gama, S. G. N. D., Almeida, A. H. D. V. D., Nakamura-Pereira, M., & Santos Neto, E. T. D. (2021). Prelabor cesarean section: the role of advanced maternal age and associated factors. Revista de saude publica, 55.
12. Faisal-Cury, A., Menezes, P. R., Quayle, J., Santiago, K., & Matijasevich, A. (2017). The relationship between indicators of socioeconomic status and cesarean section in public hospitals. Revista de saude publica, 51.
13. Sanders, R. A., & Crozier, K. (2018). How do informal information sources influence women’s decision-making for birth? A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18(1), 1-26.
14. Mielewczyk, F. J., & Boyle, E. M. (2023). Uncharted territory: a narrative review of parental involvement in decision-making about late preterm and early term delivery. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23(1), 526.
15. Lane, H., Sarkies, M., Martin, J., & Haines, T. (2017). Equity in healthcare resource allocation decision making: a systematic review. Social science & medicine, 175, 11-27.
16. Kumar, P., Srivastava, S., Chaudhary, P., & Muhammad, T. (2023). Factors contributing to socio-economic inequality in utilization of caesarean section delivery among women in Indonesia: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey. Plos one, 18(9), e0291485.
17. Lavin, T., & Preen, D. B. (2018). Investigating caesarean section birth as a risk factor for childhood overweight. Childhood Obesity, 14(2), 131-138.
18. Kifle, M. M., Kesete, H. F., Gaim, H. T., Angosom, G. S., & Araya, M. B. (2018). Health facility or home delivery? Factors influencing the choice of delivery place among mothers living in rural communities of Eritrea. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 37, 1-15.
19. Shirzad, M., Shakibazadeh, E., Betran, A. P., Bohren, M. A., & Abedini, M. (2019). Women’s perspectives on health facility and system levels factors influencing mode of delivery in Tehran: a qualitative study. Reproductive health, 16, 1-11.
20. Sanders, R. A., & Crozier, K. (2018). How do informal information sources influence women’s decision-making for birth? A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18(1), 1-26.
21. Katide, G. (2019). An exploration of the psycho-social experience of mothers who gave birth prematurely in a low socio-economic context in North West (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University (South-Africa)).
22. Amjad, A., Amjad, U., Zakar, R., Usman, A., Zakar, M. Z., & Fischer, F. (2018). Factors associated with caesarean deliveries among child-bearing women in Pakistan: secondary analysis of data from the demographic and health survey, 2012–13. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18(1), 1-9.
23. Islam, M. A., Sathi, N. J., Hossain, M. T., Jabbar, A., Renzaho, A. M., & Islam, S. M. S. (2022). Caesarean delivery and its association with educational attainment, wealth index, and place of residence in Sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 5554.
24. Budhathoki, S. S., Pokharel, P. K., Good, S., Limbu, S., Bhattachan, M., & Osborne, R. H. (2017). The potential of health literacy to address the health related UN sustainable development goal 3 (SDG3) in Nepal: a rapid review. BMC health services research, 17(1), 1-13.
25. Roy, P., Sah, V., Deb, N., & Jaiswal, V. (2023). Navigating the path of TOF-A Literature review unveiling maternal-fetal dynamics, treatment strategies and psychological dimensions. Disease-a-Month, 101659.
26. Betran, A. P., Temmerman, M., Kingdon, C., Mohiddin, A., Opiyo, N., Torloni, M. R., ... & Downe, S. (2018). Interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections in healthy women and babies. The Lancet, 392(10155), 1358-1368.
27. Elywy, G. J., Radhi, M. M., & Tuama, A. M. (2020). Determination the Causes of Neonatal Mortality during the Last 3 Years Ago in Al-Kut City. Prof.(Dr) RK Sharma, 20(3), 195.
28. Musihb, Z. S., Oleiwi, S. S., Abdolhassen, H. S., Ashour, Q. K., AL-Juboori, A. K., Abaid, K. B., ... & Hussain, E. N. (2022). Impact of behavioral problems of autistic children upon psychological stress of their family at autistic care centers in Holy Kerbala. International Journal of Health Sciences, (II), 2513-2528.
29. Jasim, R. N., & Oleiwi, S. S. (2023). Knowledge of Iraqi girls towards polycystic ovary syndrome. Health, 2, 1-14.
Published
2024-06-19
How to Cite
Deep, W. Y., & Oleiwi, S. S. (2024). Socio-demographic-related Factors Associated with Types of Cesarean Sections among Mothers. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 5(3), 589-598. Retrieved from https://www.cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2486
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2024 Walaa Yassien Deep, Sajidah Saadoon Oleiwi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
