Eating Habits and Obesity in Baghdad Middle School Students
Keywords:
Overweight and Obesity, Body Mass Index, Middle School Students, Eating Habits, Baghdad City
Abstract
Obesity is a significant global public health issue with extensive health consequences, including being a major risk factor for insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, dyslipidaemia, and obstructive sleep apnoea. This study aims to determine the proportion of overweight and obesity among middle school students in Baghdad City and to examine the relationship between BMI, meal patterns, eating habits, and daily activity. Conducted from September 2023 to March 2024, this descriptive correlational study involved 360 students aged 12–15 years, selected using a convenience sampling technique. Measurements included BMI, weight, and height. Findings indicated that 26.6% of students were obese or overweight. Significant correlations were found between obesity and the consumption of sweets, soft drinks, and fast food, while eating fruits and participating in sports were inversely correlated with obesity. The study highlights the high rates of adolescent obesity in Baghdad City and underscores the need for public education through media and health facilities to address this growing concern. Further research should explore targeted interventions to mitigate obesity among adolescents.
References
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T. López del Val, C. F. Estivariz, P. Martínez de Icaya, M. A. Jaunsolo, and D. Del Olmo, "Consumption of Sweets and Snacks by a Population of School Children in the Autonomous Community of Madrid. The CAENPE Group," *Med Clin (Barc).*, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 88–91, 1997.
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M. Kanciruk, J. W. Andrews, and T. Donnon, "Family History of Obesity and Risk of Childhood Overweight and Obesity: A Meta-Analysis," *International Journal of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences*, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 261–273, 2014.
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J. Liu, A. Zhang, and L. Li, "Sleep Duration and Overweight/Obesity in Children: Review and Implications for Pediatric Nursing," *Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing*, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 193–204, 2012.
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S. A. Mustafa, B. F. Hasan, and N. Ibrahim, "Estimation of Ferritin, Erythropoietin in Obese Iraqi Type II Diabetic Patients," *Biochem Cell Arch*, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 3307–3312, 2019.
B. A. Mkhailef and R. K. Faraj, "Epidemiology of Overweight and Obesity among Elementary School Students at Nutrition Counseling Units and Centers in Al Diwaniyah City," *Pakistan Heart Journal*, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 614–619, 2023.
B. Saleh and E. Ma, "Impact of Fast Foods and Snacks upon Adolescents’ BMI at Secondary Schools in Baghdad City," *Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties*, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1–7, 2015.
S. A. Ibrahim, A. A. Adnan, and S. T. Gahzi, "Serum Level of Inhibin B and Kisspeptin, as well as Their Correlation with Biochemical Factors in Obese Adult Patients," *Arch Razi Inst.*, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 703–707, 2022.
H. Baqer, "Obesity and Overweight among Employees of Medical Technical Institute/Baghdad," *Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties*, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 66–73, 2008.
H. Y. Kadhim and S. A. Kadhum, "Impact of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Disturbance upon the Physical and Psycho-Social Aspects for Patients with Obesity in Baghdad City: Comparative Study," *Indian J Public Health Res Dev.*, vol. 9, no. 8, 2018.
The Lancet, "Getting a Handle on Obesity," *The Lancet*, vol. 359, p. 1955, 2002.
M. Fried et al., "Inter-disciplinary European Guidelines on Surgery of Severe Obesity," *Int J Obes.*, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 569–577, 2007.
C. Tsigos et al., "Management of Obesity in Adults: European Clinical Practice Guidelines," *Obes Facts*, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 106–116, 2008.
D. M. Baji and Q. Q. Mohammed, "Eating Disorders and Its Related Factors among Adolescents at Secondary Schools in Al-Basra City," *Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology*, vol. 13, no. 3, 2019.
B. L. Saeed and A. B. Naji, "Weight Trend among Middle School Students: The Mediating Role of Food Addiction and Commitment to Physical Activity," *Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences*, vol. 16, no. 06, p. 447, 2022.
A. T. Idean and H. S. A. Wahid, "Impact of Factors upon Children's Weight Status of Age One to Five Years Old at Primary Health Care Centers in AL Samawah City," *Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties*, vol. 32, no. 1, 2019.
World Health Organization (WHO), "Obesity and Overweight," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. [Accessed: 30-Nov-2023].
M. Buoncristiano et al., "Socioeconomic Inequalities in Overweight and Obesity among 6‐to 9‐year‐old Children in 24 Countries from the World Health Organization European Region," *Obesity Reviews*, vol. 22, p. e13213, 2021.
Z. Shwaish, M. Alatbee, W. H. Al-Kawaz, and N. H. Al-Kawaz, "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Students of Intermediate Schools in Basra," *Iraqi National Journal of Medicine*, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 58–65, 2023.
K. W. Kadhim, "Evaluation of Obesity and Its Associated Factors Among Primary School Children at Al Russafa District in Baghdad City," M.S. thesis, Nursing College, Baghdad University, 2020.
H. N. Arslan, C. Dundar, and O. Terzi, "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among School Children and Parents: A Cross-Sectional Study," *Rural Remote Health*, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1–9, 2021.
Z. Y. J. Al-gharify and R. K. Faraj, "Quality of Life for Adult Clients with Obesity Who Attend Consultation Clinics at Teaching Hospitals in Al-Diwaniya City," *Ann Rom Soc Cell Biol.*, pp. 12519–12530, 2021.
M. B. Al-Dakheel, "Assessment of Obese Adolescents’ Self-Esteem in Secondary Schools at al-Najaf al-Ashraf City," M.S. thesis, Nursing College, Baghdad University, 2012.
E. G. Ma’ala, "Prevalence of Obesity among Adolescents at Secondary Schools in Kirkuk City," *Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties*, vol. 26, no. 2, 2013.
H. M. Mahalhal and H. H. Ghafel, "Dietary Habits of Iraqi Women with Breast Cancer at Oncology Hospitals in Baghdad City: Comparative Study," *Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology*, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 2322–2328, 2021.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Childhood Overweight & Obesity," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html. [Accessed: 29-Nov-2023].
S. K. Thompson, "Sampling," Wiley, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.iq/books?id=-sFtXLIdDiIC. [Accessed: 30-Nov-2023].
U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Dietary Guidelines for Americans," Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010. [Accessed: 27-Jan-2024].
M. Talat and E. Shahat, "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Preparatory School Adolescents in Urban Sharkia Governorate, Egypt," *Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette*, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 20–25, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110663815000610. [Accessed: 30-Nov-2023].
A. Al Shehri, A. Al Fattani, and I. Al Alwan, "Obesity among Saudi Children," *Saudi Journal of Obesity*, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3–9, 2013.
R. K. Al-Ani, S. K. Al-Ani, and R. Q. Al-Hadeethi, "The Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Secondary School Students in Ramadi City, West of Iraq," *Int Med J.*, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 531–534, 2020.
A. M. Toschke, H. Küchenhoff, B. Koletzko, and R. Von Kries, "Meal Frequency and Childhood Obesity," *Obes Res.*, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1932–1938, 2005.
T. López del Val, C. F. Estivariz, P. Martínez de Icaya, M. A. Jaunsolo, and D. Del Olmo, "Consumption of Sweets and Snacks by a Population of School Children in the Autonomous Community of Madrid. The CAENPE Group," *Med Clin (Barc).*, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 88–91, 1997.
A. A. Bin Zaal, A. O. Musaiger, and R. D’Souza, "Dietary Habits Associated with Obesity among Adolescents in Dubai, United Arab Emirates," *Nutr Hosp.*, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 437–444, 200
B. Saleh and E. Ma, "Impact of Fast Foods and Snacks upon Adolescents’ BMI at Secondary Schools in Baghdad City," *Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties*, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1–7, 2015.
M. Kanciruk, J. W. Andrews, and T. Donnon, "Family History of Obesity and Risk of Childhood Overweight and Obesity: A Meta-Analysis," *International Journal of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences*, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 261–273, 2014.
A. E. Ahmed and S. E. Ahmed, "Relationship between Diet Quality and Obesity in Tikrit Secondary Schools Students," *Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology*, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 2470–2475, 2020.
I. Aeberli, M. Kaspar, and M. B. Zimmermann, "Dietary Intake and Physical Activity of Normal Weight and Overweight 6 to 14 Year Old Swiss Children," *Swiss Med Wkly.*, vol. 137, no. 29-30, pp. 424–430, 2007.
B. Wansink, M. Shimizu, and A. Brumberg, "Association of Nutrient-Dense Snack Combinations with Calories and Vegetable Intake," *Pediatrics*, vol. 131, no. 1, pp. 22–29, 2013.
F. Soriguer et al., "Monounsaturated n-9 Fatty Acids and Adipocyte Lipolysis in Rats," *British Journal of Nutrition*, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 1015–1022, 2003.
L. S. Piers, K. Z. Walker, R. M. Stoney, M. J. Soares, and K. O’Dea, "Substitution of Saturated with Monounsaturated Fat in a 4-Week Diet Affects Body Weight and Composition of Overweight and Obese Men," *British Journal of Nutrition*, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 717–727, 2003.
Committee on Nutrition, "Calcium Requirements of Infants, Children, and Adolescents," *Pediatrics*, vol. 104, no. 5, pp. 1152–1157, 1999.
E. H. M. Temme and P. G. A. Van Hoydonck, "Tea Consumption and Iron Status," *Eur J Clin Nutr.*, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 379–386, 2002.
F. Keykhaei, M. Shahraki, E. Sargolhosseinzadeh, T. Shahraki, and A. Dashipour, "Correlation of Body Mass Index and Physical Activity among 7-to 11-Year Children at Zahedan, Iran," *Food Nutr Bull.*, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 364–374, 2016.
C. A. V. Doss, "A Cross Sectional Study on Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity and Risk Factors among (10-19 Years) Adolescents in Indian Population," *Journal of Medical Care Research and Review*, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 1–9, 2018.
N. T. Nabi and A. M. Mostefa, "Risk Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity among Primary School Children in Duhok," *Journal of Duhok University*, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 346–354, 2022.
S. Syahrul, R. Kimura, A. Tsuda, T. Susanto, R. Saito, and F. Ahmad, "Prevalence of Underweight and Overweight among School-Aged Children and Its Association with Children’s Sociodemographic and Lifestyle in Indonesia," *Int J Nurs Sci.*, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 169–177, 2016.
J. Liu, A. Zhang, and L. Li, "Sleep Duration and Overweight/Obesity in Children: Review and Implications for Pediatric Nursing," *Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing*, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 193–204, 2012.
S. K. Mistry and S. Puthussery, "Risk Factors of Overweight and Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence in South Asian Countries: A Systematic Review of the Evidence," *Public Health*, vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 200–209, 2015.
K. A. Hussein, "Obesity and Overweight among Students in Arabic Secondary Schools in Erbil City," *Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties*, vol. 25, no. 2, 2012.
A. Rocka, F. Jasielska, D. Madras, P. Krawiec, and E. Pac-Kożuchowska, "The Impact of Digital Screen Time on Dietary Habits and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents," *Nutrients*, vol. 14, no. 14, p. 2985, 2022.
M. Melchior, A. Chollet, E. Fombonne, P. J. Surkan, and R. Dray-Spira, "Internet and Video Game Use in Relation to Overweight in Young Adults," *American Journal of Health Promotion*, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 321–324, 2014.
Published
2024-06-07
How to Cite
Abbas Mousawy, A. A., & Faraj, R. K. (2024). Eating Habits and Obesity in Baghdad Middle School Students. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 5(3), 493-503. Retrieved from https://www.cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2472
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Articles
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmed Ali Abbas Mousawy, Raad Karim Faraj
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
