IRAQIBACTER AS A NEW EMERGING PATHOGEN
Keywords:
Iraqibacter, MDR, Hospital
Abstract
As a result of its rapid development of resistance to routinely used antimicrobials, Iraqibacter (Acinetobacter baumannii) has emerged as a major hospital infection. It has lately come to light as a major reason why troops returning from Iraq and Afghanistan suffer from crippling soft tissue infections. It is widely believed, and supported by the available research, that the increased rates of infection are attributable to the widespread contamination of hospitals worldwide by A. baumannii, which is becoming more resistant to antimicrobials.
References
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Bonomo RA, Szabo D. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:S49-S56.
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Livermore DM. The impact of carbapenemases on antimicrobial development and therapy. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002;3:218-224.
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Kulah C, Aktas E, Comert F, et al. Detecting imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii by automated systems (BD Phoenix, Microscan WalkAway, Vitek 2); high error rates with Microscan WalkAway. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:30.
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O’Hara CM, Miller JM. Ability of the MicroScan rapid gram-negative ID type 3 panel to identify nonenteric glucose-fermenting and nonfermenting gramnegative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3750-3752.
Schwartz DC, Cantor CR. Separation of yeast chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis. Cell. 1984;37:67-75.
Misbah S, Hassan H, Yusof MY, et al. Genomic species identification of Acinetobacter of clinical isolates by 16S rDNA sequencing. Singapore Med J. 2005;46:461-464.
Robert E. Black, Laura B. Sivitz and Abigail E. Mitchell, Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medicine, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice (National Academies Press, 2006).
Callie Camp and Owatha L. Tatum, “A Review of Acinetobacter Baumannii as a Highly Successful Pathogen in Times of War,” Laboratory Medicine 41/11 (November, 2010).
Omar Dewachi, Anthony Rizk, and Neil V. Singh, “(Dis)Connectivities in Wartime: The Therapeutic Geographies of Iraqi Healthcare-Seeking in Lebanon,” Global Public Health 13/3 (2018).
Omar Dewachi, Mac Skelton, Vinh-Kim Nguyen, Fouad M Fouad, Ghassan Abu Sitta, Zeina Maasri and Rita Giacaman, “Changing Therapeutic Geographies of the Iraqi and Syrian Wars,” The Lancet 383/9915 (February 2014).
Aula Abbara, Timothy M. Rawson, Nabil Karah, Wael El-Amin, James Hatcher, Bachir Tajaldin, Osman Dar, et al., “A Summary and Appraisal of Existing Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Syrian Conflict,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases: IJID: Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 75 (October 2018).
Rupa Kanapathipillai, Nada Malou, Kate Baldwin, Pascale Marty, Camille Rodaix, Clair Mills, Patrick Herard and Malika Saim, “Antibiotic Resistance in Palestine: An Emerging Part of a Larger Crisis,” British Medical Journal (BMJ) 363 (October 15, 2018).
Sam Loewenberg, “Yemen: A Deadly Mixture of Drug Resistance and War,” The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, April 15, 2018.
Benedikt Lohr, Yvonne Pfeifer, Ursel Heudorf, Christoph Rangger, Douglas E. Norris, and Klaus-Peter Hunfeld, “High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Libyan War Casualties Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital Germany,” Microbial Drug Resistance 24/5 (October 2017).
Omar Dewachi, “The Toxicity of Everyday Survival in Iraq,” Jadaliyya, August 13, 2013.
Hannah Landecker, “Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History,” Body & Society 22/4 (December 2016).
Turton JF, Kaufmann ME, Gill MJ, et al. Comparison of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from the United Kingdom and the United States that were associated with repatriated casualties of the Iraq conflict. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:2630-2634.
Bonomo RA, Szabo D. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:S49-S56.
Thomson JM, Bonomo RA. The threat of antibiotic resistance in Gramnegative pathogenic bacteria: Beta-lactams in peril! Curr Opin Microbiol. 2005;8:518-524.
Naas T, Bogaerts P, Bauraing C, et al. Emergence of PER and VEB extendedspectrum beta-lactamases in Acinetobacter baumannii in Belgium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:178-182.
Schirmer T. General and specific porins from bacterial outer membranes. J Struct Biol. 1998;121:101-109.
Obara M, Nakae T. Mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991;28:791-800.
del Mar Tomás M, Beceiro A, Pérez A, et al. Cloning and functional analysis of the gene encoding the 33- to 36-kilodalton outer membrane protein associated with carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:5172-5175.
Maragakis LL, Perl TM. Acinetobacter baumannii: Epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and treatment options. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1254-1263.
Afzal-Shah M, Villar HE, Livermore DM. Biochemical characteristics of a carbapenemase from an Acinetobacter baumannii isolate collected in Buenos Aires, Argentina. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;43:127-131.
Bergogne-Bérézin E, Towner KJ. Acinetobacter spp. as nosocomial pathogens: Microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological features. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996;9:148-165.
Afzal-Shah M, Woodford N, Livermore DM. Characterization of OXA-25, OXA-26, and OXA-27, molecular class D beta-lactamases associated with carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:583-588.
Livermore DM. The impact of carbapenemases on antimicrobial development and therapy. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002;3:218-224.
Poirel L, Nordmann P. Acquired carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases and their genetic support. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2002;3:117-127.
Kulah C, Aktas E, Comert F, et al. Detecting imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii by automated systems (BD Phoenix, Microscan WalkAway, Vitek 2); high error rates with Microscan WalkAway. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:30.
bioMérieux. Vitek 2 healthcare. Available at: http://www.biomerieux-usa.com/ servlet/srt/bio/usa/. Accessed June 4, 2009.
O’Hara CM, Miller JM. Ability of the MicroScan rapid gram-negative ID type 3 panel to identify nonenteric glucose-fermenting and nonfermenting gramnegative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3750-3752.
Schwartz DC, Cantor CR. Separation of yeast chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis. Cell. 1984;37:67-75.
Misbah S, Hassan H, Yusof MY, et al. Genomic species identification of Acinetobacter of clinical isolates by 16S rDNA sequencing. Singapore Med J. 2005;46:461-464.
Published
2023-12-22
How to Cite
Farkad Hawas Musa, Zainab Agab Altaee, & Hanan Yousif Rasheed. (2023). IRAQIBACTER AS A NEW EMERGING PATHOGEN . Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(6), 1172-1177. Retrieved from https://www.cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2207
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Articles
