Unveiling the Complex Interplay: Key Determinants of Coronary Heart Disease, Cardiovascular Health, and the Role of Vitamin D3 in Diyala City
Keywords:
Body mass index, Lipid profiles, Vitamin D, Cardiovascular health
Abstract
In this comprehensive study, we unveil key determinants of coronary heart disease (CHD). Age emerges as a pivotal factor, with older patients exhibiting a higher CHD risk due to age-related arterial stiffness. Elevated body mass index (BMI) is strongly associated with CHD, contributing to insulin resistance and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Dysregulation in lipid profiles, particularly high levels of cholesterol (260.80±34.92), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (98.06±22.00), triglycerides (192.68±38.52), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (41.74±9.77), plays a central role in atherosclerosis development. Paradoxically, CHD patients have lower HDL levels (39.06±5.18), known for their protective effects against atherosclerosis. We explore the complex mechanisms behind cardiac troponin (cTn) release in heart failure, suggesting various contributing factors such as apoptosis and cardiomyocyte injury. Additionally, while low vitamin D status may not directly correlate with coronary artery disease, it holds significance in cardiomyocyte physiology and the risk of heart failure and stroke. The study's results underscore the complex interplay of these factors in cardiovascular health, offering valuable insights that can inform future research and clinical approaches to managing and preventing CHD.
References
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22. Meijers, W. C., Bayes‐Genis, A., Mebazaa, A., Bauersachs, J., Cleland, J. G., Coats, A. J., ... & de Boer, R. A. (2021). Circulating heart failure biomarkers beyond natriuretic peptides: review from the Biomarker Study Group of the Heart Failure Association (HFA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European journal of heart failure, 23(10), 1610-1632.
23. Dziedzic, E. A., Gąsior, J. S., Pawłowski, M., Wodejko-Kucharska, B., Saniewski, T., Marcisz, A., & Dąbrowski, M. J. (2019). Vitamin D level is associated with severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis and incidence of acute coronary syndromes in non-diabetic cardiac patients. Archives of Medical Science, 15(2), 359-368.
24. Hausenloy, D. J., Chilian, W., Crea, F., Davidson, S. M., Ferdinandy, P., Garcia-Dorado, D., ... & Heusch, G. (2019). The coronary circulation in acute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury: a target for cardioprotection. Cardiovascular research, 115(7), 1143-1155.
25. Barbarawi, M., Kheiri, B., Zayed, Y., Barbarawi, O., Dhillon, H., Swaid, B., ... & Manson, J. E. (2019). Vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular disease risks in more than 83 000 individuals in 21 randomized clinical trials: a meta-analysis. JAMA cardiology, 4(8), 765-776.
26. Krishna, S. M. (2019). Vitamin D as a protector of arterial health: potential role in peripheral arterial disease formation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(19), 4907.
27. Bouillon, R. (2019). Vitamin D and cardiovascular disorders. Osteoporosis International, 30(11), 2167-2181.
28. Abouzid, M., Główka, F., Kagan, L., & Karaźniewicz-Łada, M. (2022). Vitamin D metabolism gene polymorphisms and their associated disorders: a literature review. Current Drug Metabolism, 23(8), 630-651.
29. Qaddoori, H. T., Hassan, A., Al-shoky, M. S., K Kalil, Y., & Mudhafar, M. (2022). Comparative study of Some biochemical and Immunological parameters of patients with COVID-19 disease and non-infected people. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 65(10), 217-223.
30. Kareem, H., Jihad, I., Hassan, H., Znad, M., Harbi, M., Lahhob, Q., Kadham, M., Hamzah, M., & Jasim, A. (2023). Biochemical and hematological variables in COVID-19 positive patients. Eurasian Chemical Communications, 5(7), 609-615. doi: 10.22034/ecc.2023.383489.1597
2. Abdullah A, Peeters A, de Courten M, Stoelwinder J. The magnitude of association between overweight and obesity and the risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;89(3):309-319.
3. Franklin SS, Gustin W, Wong ND, et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997;96(1):308-315.
4. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;117(4):503-511.
5. Reference for Troponin: Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). European Heart Journal. 2019;40(3):237-269
6. Joseph, J. J., Deedwania, P., Acharya, T., Aguilar, D., Bhatt, D. L., Chyun, D. A., ... & American Heart Association Diabetes Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Council on Hypertension. (2022). Comprehensive management of cardiovascular risk factors for adults with type 2 diabetes: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 145(9), e722-e759.
7. Manolis, A. A., Manolis, T. A., Apostolopoulos, E. J., Apostolaki, N. E., Melita, H., & Manolis, A. S. (2021). The role of the autonomic nervous system in cardiac arrhythmias: the neuro-cardiac axis, more foe than friend?. Trends in cardiovascular medicine, 31(5), 290-302.
8. ALBAYRAK, H. The Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Urticaria: A Comprehensive Review. All Rights Reserved It may not be reproduced in any way without the written permission of the publisher and the editor, except for short excerpts for promotion by reference. ISBN: 978-625-6925-25-0 1st Edition, 405.
9. Rashid, S., Malik, A., Khurshid, R., Faryal, U., & Qazi, S. (2019). The diagnostic value of biochemical cardiac markers in acute myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction, 23.
10. Lin, L., Zhang, J., Jiang, L., Du, R., Hu, C., Lu, J., ... & Chen, Y. (2020). Transition of metabolic phenotypes and risk of subclinical atherosclerosis according to BMI: a prospective study. Diabetologia, 63, 1312-1323.
11. Faíl, L. B., Marinho, D. A., Marques, E. A., Costa, M. J., Santos, C. C., Marques, M. C., ... & Neiva, H. P. (2022). Benefits of aquatic exercise in adults with and without chronic disease—a systematic review with meta‐analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 32(3), 465-486.
12. Sweatman, C. Z. H. (2020). Mathematical model of diabetes and lipid metabolism linked to diet, leptin sensitivity, insulin sensitivity and VLDLTG clearance predicts paths to health and type II diabetes. Journal of theoretical biology, 486, 110037.
13. Idoko, A., Ugwudike, P. O., Ayomide, T. A., & Blessing, N. O. (2020). Cholesterol and its implications—a review. Univ J Pharm Res, 5, 52-63.
14. Gliozzi, M., Musolino, V., Bosco, F., Scicchitano, M., Scarano, F., Nucera, S., ... & Mollace, V. (2021). Cholesterol homeostasis: Researching a dialogue between the brain and peripheral tissues. Pharmacological Research, 163, 105215.
15. Kumar, R., Chhillar, N., Gupta, D. S., Kaur, G., Singhal, S., & Chauhan, T. (2023). Cholesterol homeostasis, mechanisms of molecular pathways, and cardiac health: a current outlook. Current Problems in Cardiology, 102081.
16. Blanchard, V., & Francis, G. A. (2021). High-density lipoproteins: Metabolism and protective roles. In Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes (pp. 487-514). Elsevier.
17. Furtado, J. D., Ruotolo, G., Nicholls, S. J., Dullea, R., Carvajal-Gonzalez, S., & Sacks, F. M. (2022). Pharmacological inhibition of CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) increases HDL (high-density lipoprotein) that contains ApoC3 and other HDL subspecies associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 42(2), 227-237.
18. Borovac, J. A., D'Amario, D., Bozic, J., & Glavas, D. (2020). Sympathetic nervous system activation and heart failure: Current state of evidence and the pathophysiology in the light of novel biomarkers. World journal of cardiology, 12(8), 373.
19. Buja, L. M. (2022). Pathobiology of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury: models, modes, molecular mechanisms, modulation and clinical applications. Cardiology in Review.
20. Ghionzoli, N., Gentile, F., Del Franco, A. M., Castiglione, V., Aimo, A., Giannoni, A., ... & Vergaro, G. (2022). Current and emerging drug targets in heart failure treatment. Heart failure reviews, 27(4), 1119-1136.
21. Vergaro, G., Aimo, A., Barison, A., Genovesi, D., Buda, G., Passino, C., & Emdin, M. (2020). Keys to early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis: red flags from clinical, laboratory and imaging findings. European journal of preventive cardiology, 27(17), 1806-1815.
22. Meijers, W. C., Bayes‐Genis, A., Mebazaa, A., Bauersachs, J., Cleland, J. G., Coats, A. J., ... & de Boer, R. A. (2021). Circulating heart failure biomarkers beyond natriuretic peptides: review from the Biomarker Study Group of the Heart Failure Association (HFA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European journal of heart failure, 23(10), 1610-1632.
23. Dziedzic, E. A., Gąsior, J. S., Pawłowski, M., Wodejko-Kucharska, B., Saniewski, T., Marcisz, A., & Dąbrowski, M. J. (2019). Vitamin D level is associated with severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis and incidence of acute coronary syndromes in non-diabetic cardiac patients. Archives of Medical Science, 15(2), 359-368.
24. Hausenloy, D. J., Chilian, W., Crea, F., Davidson, S. M., Ferdinandy, P., Garcia-Dorado, D., ... & Heusch, G. (2019). The coronary circulation in acute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury: a target for cardioprotection. Cardiovascular research, 115(7), 1143-1155.
25. Barbarawi, M., Kheiri, B., Zayed, Y., Barbarawi, O., Dhillon, H., Swaid, B., ... & Manson, J. E. (2019). Vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular disease risks in more than 83 000 individuals in 21 randomized clinical trials: a meta-analysis. JAMA cardiology, 4(8), 765-776.
26. Krishna, S. M. (2019). Vitamin D as a protector of arterial health: potential role in peripheral arterial disease formation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(19), 4907.
27. Bouillon, R. (2019). Vitamin D and cardiovascular disorders. Osteoporosis International, 30(11), 2167-2181.
28. Abouzid, M., Główka, F., Kagan, L., & Karaźniewicz-Łada, M. (2022). Vitamin D metabolism gene polymorphisms and their associated disorders: a literature review. Current Drug Metabolism, 23(8), 630-651.
29. Qaddoori, H. T., Hassan, A., Al-shoky, M. S., K Kalil, Y., & Mudhafar, M. (2022). Comparative study of Some biochemical and Immunological parameters of patients with COVID-19 disease and non-infected people. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 65(10), 217-223.
30. Kareem, H., Jihad, I., Hassan, H., Znad, M., Harbi, M., Lahhob, Q., Kadham, M., Hamzah, M., & Jasim, A. (2023). Biochemical and hematological variables in COVID-19 positive patients. Eurasian Chemical Communications, 5(7), 609-615. doi: 10.22034/ecc.2023.383489.1597
Published
2023-11-30
How to Cite
Haitham Ali Muhyi Gharbawee, Aseel Shakir Ghlaim Al_Jaree, & Hayder T Qaddoori. (2023). Unveiling the Complex Interplay: Key Determinants of Coronary Heart Disease, Cardiovascular Health, and the Role of Vitamin D3 in Diyala City . Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(6), 842-848. Retrieved from https://www.cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2133
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Articles
