The Impact of Population and Industrial Waste on the Waters of the Shatt Al-Arab, Basra, Southern Iraq
Keywords:
Shatt al-Arab, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Heavy elements, Industrial and population waste
Abstract
The current study included measuring the concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbon compounds and the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the water and sediments of four stations of the Shatt al-Arab, It is Al-Maqil, Al-Ashar, Shatt al-Arab and Abu al-Khasib, seasonal from summer 2021 to spring 2021, as well as measuring a set of important environmental factors, which are (water temperature, electrical conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, and dissolved oxygen). In addition to measuring some heavy metals its Arsenic, Vanadium and Cadmium. The water temperature values ranged between(23-12.5°C), Electrical conductivity between (1.404 ̶ 4.58 mS/cm), Salinity between (1.2 ̶ 2.6 ppt), Total dissolved solids (TDS) between (2932-1042mg/l), and pH between ( 7.51̶ 8.58). And dissolved oxygen between (2.11 ̶ 10.40mg/l). The values of the concentrations of heavy elements in the waters of Shatt Al-Arab stations were given, where Arsenic recorded the highest value of 1.99 µg/l in the Abu al-Khasib station during the Autumn season, and the lowest value of 0.11 µg/l in the Al-Ashar station during the summer, while the highest value of vanadium was 9.1 µg/l at Al-Maqil station during the summer, and the lowest value was 4.49 µg/l at Shatt Al-Arab station during the spring. As for cadmium concentrations, it reached its highest value of 0.336 µg/l at Shatt Al-Arab station, and the lowest value of 0.018 µg/l during the winter at Abu station. fertile. The concentrations of the compounds were estimated Total petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediment, the highest concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon compounds in the water reached 33.027 µg/l in Al-Maqil station during the winter season, and the lowest value was 2.995 µg/l in Abu Al-Khasib station during the summer season, while the sediment reached its highest value of 55.882 µg/l weight. dry weight at Al-Maqil station during the winter season and the lowest value was 5.692 µg/l dry weight at Abu Al-Khasib station during the summer season, As for polycyclic aromatic compounds in water and sediments, they reached the highest value of 30.255 ng / l during the winter season at Al-Maqil station and the lowest value of 5.085 ng / l in the summer of Abu Al-Khasib. While the highest value in the sediments was 69.966 ng/l dry weight in Al- Maqil station. During the winter, the lowest value was 7.841 ng/l dry weight in Abu Al-Khasib station during the summer.
References
1. Abd , A.K.M. and Musa ,Z.J. ,(2009) .A study of levels of trace elements in water and soil of Hamadan Canal and Its Effect on leaves fruits of Braim and Hillawi Cultivars of date palms , Marsh Bulletin , 4(1) : 85- 97.
2. Abdulnabi, Z.A.(2016). Assessment of some toxic elements levels in Iraqi marine water. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci., 31(1): 85 - 94.
3. Abha, S. and Singh, C. S. (2012). Hydrocarbon pollution: effects on living organisms, remediation of contaminated environments, and effects of heavy metals co-contamination on bioremediation, Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil Contaminated Sites, Dr. Laura Romero-Zerón (Ed.). InTech, ch 7: 185-206 pp.
4. Adeniji, A. O. ; Okoh, O. O. and Okoh, A. I. (2017). Petroleum Hydrocarbon Profiles of Water and Sediment of Algoa Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (1263) : 21 P.
5. Agbozu, I. E. ; Ekweozor, I. K. E. and Opuene, K. (2007). Survey of heavy metals in the catfish Synodontis clarias. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 4(1): 93-97
6. Zaki, M. S. ; Sharaf, N. E. ; and Osfor, M. H .(2010). Effect of vanadium toxicity in Clarias lazera. Journal of American Science, 6(12) :291-296.
7. Al-Atbee, R. S. K. (2018). Assessment of some heavy elements and hydrocarbons in the water, sediments and dominant aquatic plants at Al-Chibayish marshes. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Basrah, 207pp.
8. Al-Awady, A. A. Maktoof ; Al-Khafaji, B. Y. and Abid, N. M. (2015). Concentration of some heavy metals in water, sediment and two species of aquatic plants collected from the Euphrates river, near the center of Al-Nassiriyia city, Iraq. Marsh Bulletin, 10(2): 161-172.
9. Al-Baydani, Maryam Fawzi Hamid (2014). The specific composition of phytoplankton in the Shatt al-Arab and the impact of environmental factors on the ability to produce and accumulate hydrocarbon compounds. PhD thesis, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basra, 165 pages.
10. Al-Dosari, Mustafa Abdel-Wahhab (2008). Isolation and identification of fungi from the sediments of the marshes of southern Iraq and testing their susceptibility to biological treatment. PhD thesis, College of Science, University of Basra, 113 pages.
11. Al- Hejuje, Makiya Mohalhel (1997). The distribution of heavy metals in the water and sediments of the Al-Ashar and Al-Khandaq canals associated with the Shatt Al-Arab and their effect on algae. Master Thesis, College of Science, University of Basra, 104 pages.
12. Al-Hejuje, M. M. (2014). Application of water quality and pollution indices to evaluate the water and sediments status in the middle part of Shatt Al-Arab River. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, University of Basrah, 212pp.
13. Al-Hejuje, M. M. (2014). Application of water quality and pollution indices to evaluate the water and sediments status in the middle part of Shatt Al-Arab River. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, University of Basrah, 212pp
14. Al- Hayali, eadhra Khalil Hussain (2001). "Studying the toxic effect of lead and cadmium on the growth algae of kuetz aeruginosa Microcystis." Master's thesis - University of Babylon
15. Al-Hajaj, Mobin Haseeb Kazem (2019). The effect of environmental factors on the distribution of hydrocarbon compounds in the waters and sediments of the northern part of the Shatt al-Arab, master's thesis, College of Science, Basra University, 108 pages.
16. Al-Kenzawi, M. A. H. (2007). Ecological study of aquatic macrophytes in the central part of the Marshes of Southern Iraqi marshes, after restoration. Baghdad Science Journal, 6(4): 711-718.
17. Al-Maliky, J. H. A. (2012). Analysis of water quality and the impact of the salt wedge from the Arabian Gulf on the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis , School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management. University of Queensland-Australia and the University of Basrah, Iraq , 81pp
18. Al-Musawi, Umm Al-Banin, Sadiq Nema (2019). A study of water quality and polycyclic aromatic compounds for some effluent stations in Basra Governorate. Master's thesis, College of Science, Basra University, 172 pages
19. Al-Saad, H. T. (1995). Distribution and sources of hydrocarbons in Shatt Al-Arab estuary and NW Arabian Gulf. Ph. D.Tthesis, College of Science, University of Basrah, 186pp.
20. Al- Saad H. T. (1996) .Distribution and source of hydrocarbons in Shatt AlArab Estuary and North west Arabian Gulf. Ph. D. Thesis , Basrah univ. 186 P.
21. Al-Saad, H. T. ; Al-Ali, B. S. ; Al-Anber, L. J. ; Al-Khion, D. D. ; Hantoush, A. A. ; Saleh, S. M. and Alaial, A. H. (2017b). Total petroleum hydrocarbon in selected fish of Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. International Journal of Marine Science, 7(1) : 1 – 7 .
22. Al-Tamari, Amna Abdel-Karim; Hantoush, Abbas Adel and Nasser, Ali Mahdi (2003). Petroleum hydrocarbons in the southern waters of Iraq, Wadi Al-Rafidain Journal of Marine Sciences, 18 (2): 141-149.
23. Amer, Ali Muslim (2020). Evaluation of the concentrations of some hydrocarbon compounds and trace elements in water, sediment and Nile tilapia Oeeochromis niloticus(L) in the Shatt Al-Arab, Master Thesis, College of Science, University of Basra.
24. APHA (American Public Helth Association) .(1995). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, Washington, DC 20036, 1193P.
25. APHA: American Public Health Association (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21sh Edition. Washington, D.C. USA.
26. CCME( Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) (1999). "Canadian sediment quality guideline for the protection of aquatic life" .
27. CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) (2010). Canadian soil Quality guidelines for potentially carcinogenic and other PAHs: Scientific criteria ,document .CCME: Winnipeg.
28. Crommentuijn, T. ; Polder, M. D. and Van de Plassche E. J. (1997). Maximum permissible concentrations and negligible concentrations for metals, taking background concentrations into account, 260p.
29. De díaz, A. A. ; Gamboa, N. and García, J. (2001). Vanadium levels in gonads of white mullet (Mugil curema) in the Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela Nivel de vanadio en gónadas de lisa (mugil curema) en el Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Zootecnia Tropical, 19(2):165-172.
30. El-Amier, Y. A. ; Zahran, M. A. and Al-Mamory, S. H. (2015). Assessment the physico-chemical characteristics of water and sediment in Rosetta Branch, Egypt. J. Water Resour. Prot., 7, 1075– 108.
31. Fernandes, C. ; Fontaínhas-Fernandes, A. ; Cabral, D. and Salgado, M. A. (2008). Heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of Liza saliens from Esmoriz–Paramos lagoon, Portugal. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 136(1-3): 267-275.
32. Guerra-García, J. M. ; González-Vila, F. J. ; and García-Gómez, J. C. (2003). Aliphatic hydrocarbon pollution and macrobenthic assemblages in Ceuta harbour: a multivariate approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 263 : 127-138.
33. Hussian, N. A. and Grabe, S. A. (2009). A review of the water quality of the Mesopotamia (Southern Iraq) marshes prior to massive desication of the early 1990s. Marsh Bulletin. 4(2): 49-59
34. Hussein, Najah Abboud and Al-Najjar, Hussein Hamid Karim and Al-Saad, Hamid Talib and Yousef, Osama Hamed and Al-Sabunji, Azhar Ali (1991). Shatt Al-Arab - Basic Scientific Studies, Publications of the Center for Marine Sciences, University of Basra, 391 pages.
35. Ismail, Abbas Mortada and Hassan, Fikret Majeed (2007). Seasonal variations of phytoplankton in Alwand River - Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture 1: 59-69.
36. Jazza, S. H. (2015). The status of hydrocarbon compounds pollution of water, sediments and some aquatic biota in Al-Kahlaa River-Missan Province/Iraq. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, University of Basrah. 137pp.
37. Kafilzadeh, F. ; Shiva , A. H. ; and Malekpour, R. (2011). Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediments of the Kor River, Iran. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 10(1): 1-7.
38. Klenkin, A. A. ; Pavlenko, L. F. ; Skrypnik, G. V. and Larin A. A. (2010). Biogenic hydrocarbons and their effect on oil pollution estimates of the Sea of Azov. Water Resources Research, 37(5): 699- 705 .
39. Law (1981). Hydrocarbon concentration in water and sediment from U.K marine water determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 12: 153-157.
40. Mortazavi, S. ; Esmaeili, S. A. and Riahi, B. A.(2005). A determination of nikel to vanadium ratio in P.radiata and S.cucullata resulted from oil pollution in coastal fringes in hormozgan province , 58(1) :159-172
41. Olu,U.Bob Mananuel,K.&Ekweozer,I(2019).Levels of selected heavy metals in water and sediment of the Soku oil field area of the Niger Delta,Nigeria.J.Aquat.Poll.Toxicol.,3(1):25-36.
42. Pourang, N. ; Nikouyan, A. and Dennis, J. (2005). Trace Element Concentrations in Fish, Surficial Sediments and Water from Northern Part of the Persian Gulf. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment., 109(1-3): 293-316.
43. Quansah, R. ; Armah, F. A. ; Essumang, D. K. ; Luginaah, I. ; Clarke, E. ; Marfoh, K., ... and Dzodzomenyo, M. (2015). Association of arsenic with adverse pregnancy outcomes/infant mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental health perspectives, 123(5) : 412-421.
44. Rubio-Arias, H. ; Ochoa-Rivero, J. M. ; Quintana, R. M. ; SaucedoTeran, R. ; Ortiz-Delgado, R. C. ; Rey- Burciaga, N. I. and Espinoza-Prieto, J. R. (2013). Development of a water quality index (WQI) of an artificial aquatic ecosystem in mexico . Journal of Environmental Protection. 4(11):1296-1306.
45. Saleem, Fadia Mushtaq (2013). Using the Organic Pollution Index (OPI) for the descriptive and quantitative assessment of Shatt Al-Arab water - Iraq. Master Thesis, College of Science, University of Basra, 97 pages.
46. Song, Y. ; Ji, J. ; Mao, C. ; Yang, Z. ; Yuan, X. ; Ayoko, G. A. ; and Frost, R. L. .(2010). Heavy metal contamination in suspended solids of Changjiang River—environmental implications. Geoderma, 159(3-4), 286-295.
47. Tabari, H. ; Safar, M. and Mohammad, A. (2011). Long-term variations of water quality parameters in the Maroon River, Iran. Environ. Monit. Assess , 177:273–287.
48. Taghizadeh M, Solgia, M.; Karimib, M.&Others(2018). Heavy Metals Effects on Brassica Oleracea and Elements Accumulation by Salicylic Acid .Arch. Hyg. Sci., 7(1): 1-11
49. UNEP: United Nation Environmental Program (1989). Comparative toxicity test of water accommodated fraction of oils and oil dispersant's to marine organisms. Reference methods for marine pollution. No . 45 , 21 p.
50. Valdes, D. S. and Real, E. (2004). Nitrogen and phosphorus in water and sediment at Ria Lagartos coastal lagoon, Yucaton, Gulf of Mexico. Indian Journal of Marine Science, 33(4): 338-345
51. Watut, Ahmed Saadoun Fakher (2018). The concept of environmental pollution and pollution departments - Courses of the Faculty of Science, University of Babylon.
52. WHO: World Health Organization (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 4th edition . Geneva 27, Switzerland. (http://www.who.int.
53. WHO: World Health Organization (2018). A global overview of national regulations and standards for drinking–water quality:104 pp..
2. Abdulnabi, Z.A.(2016). Assessment of some toxic elements levels in Iraqi marine water. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci., 31(1): 85 - 94.
3. Abha, S. and Singh, C. S. (2012). Hydrocarbon pollution: effects on living organisms, remediation of contaminated environments, and effects of heavy metals co-contamination on bioremediation, Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil Contaminated Sites, Dr. Laura Romero-Zerón (Ed.). InTech, ch 7: 185-206 pp.
4. Adeniji, A. O. ; Okoh, O. O. and Okoh, A. I. (2017). Petroleum Hydrocarbon Profiles of Water and Sediment of Algoa Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (1263) : 21 P.
5. Agbozu, I. E. ; Ekweozor, I. K. E. and Opuene, K. (2007). Survey of heavy metals in the catfish Synodontis clarias. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 4(1): 93-97
6. Zaki, M. S. ; Sharaf, N. E. ; and Osfor, M. H .(2010). Effect of vanadium toxicity in Clarias lazera. Journal of American Science, 6(12) :291-296.
7. Al-Atbee, R. S. K. (2018). Assessment of some heavy elements and hydrocarbons in the water, sediments and dominant aquatic plants at Al-Chibayish marshes. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Basrah, 207pp.
8. Al-Awady, A. A. Maktoof ; Al-Khafaji, B. Y. and Abid, N. M. (2015). Concentration of some heavy metals in water, sediment and two species of aquatic plants collected from the Euphrates river, near the center of Al-Nassiriyia city, Iraq. Marsh Bulletin, 10(2): 161-172.
9. Al-Baydani, Maryam Fawzi Hamid (2014). The specific composition of phytoplankton in the Shatt al-Arab and the impact of environmental factors on the ability to produce and accumulate hydrocarbon compounds. PhD thesis, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basra, 165 pages.
10. Al-Dosari, Mustafa Abdel-Wahhab (2008). Isolation and identification of fungi from the sediments of the marshes of southern Iraq and testing their susceptibility to biological treatment. PhD thesis, College of Science, University of Basra, 113 pages.
11. Al- Hejuje, Makiya Mohalhel (1997). The distribution of heavy metals in the water and sediments of the Al-Ashar and Al-Khandaq canals associated with the Shatt Al-Arab and their effect on algae. Master Thesis, College of Science, University of Basra, 104 pages.
12. Al-Hejuje, M. M. (2014). Application of water quality and pollution indices to evaluate the water and sediments status in the middle part of Shatt Al-Arab River. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, University of Basrah, 212pp.
13. Al-Hejuje, M. M. (2014). Application of water quality and pollution indices to evaluate the water and sediments status in the middle part of Shatt Al-Arab River. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, University of Basrah, 212pp
14. Al- Hayali, eadhra Khalil Hussain (2001). "Studying the toxic effect of lead and cadmium on the growth algae of kuetz aeruginosa Microcystis." Master's thesis - University of Babylon
15. Al-Hajaj, Mobin Haseeb Kazem (2019). The effect of environmental factors on the distribution of hydrocarbon compounds in the waters and sediments of the northern part of the Shatt al-Arab, master's thesis, College of Science, Basra University, 108 pages.
16. Al-Kenzawi, M. A. H. (2007). Ecological study of aquatic macrophytes in the central part of the Marshes of Southern Iraqi marshes, after restoration. Baghdad Science Journal, 6(4): 711-718.
17. Al-Maliky, J. H. A. (2012). Analysis of water quality and the impact of the salt wedge from the Arabian Gulf on the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis , School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management. University of Queensland-Australia and the University of Basrah, Iraq , 81pp
18. Al-Musawi, Umm Al-Banin, Sadiq Nema (2019). A study of water quality and polycyclic aromatic compounds for some effluent stations in Basra Governorate. Master's thesis, College of Science, Basra University, 172 pages
19. Al-Saad, H. T. (1995). Distribution and sources of hydrocarbons in Shatt Al-Arab estuary and NW Arabian Gulf. Ph. D.Tthesis, College of Science, University of Basrah, 186pp.
20. Al- Saad H. T. (1996) .Distribution and source of hydrocarbons in Shatt AlArab Estuary and North west Arabian Gulf. Ph. D. Thesis , Basrah univ. 186 P.
21. Al-Saad, H. T. ; Al-Ali, B. S. ; Al-Anber, L. J. ; Al-Khion, D. D. ; Hantoush, A. A. ; Saleh, S. M. and Alaial, A. H. (2017b). Total petroleum hydrocarbon in selected fish of Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. International Journal of Marine Science, 7(1) : 1 – 7 .
22. Al-Tamari, Amna Abdel-Karim; Hantoush, Abbas Adel and Nasser, Ali Mahdi (2003). Petroleum hydrocarbons in the southern waters of Iraq, Wadi Al-Rafidain Journal of Marine Sciences, 18 (2): 141-149.
23. Amer, Ali Muslim (2020). Evaluation of the concentrations of some hydrocarbon compounds and trace elements in water, sediment and Nile tilapia Oeeochromis niloticus(L) in the Shatt Al-Arab, Master Thesis, College of Science, University of Basra.
24. APHA (American Public Helth Association) .(1995). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, Washington, DC 20036, 1193P.
25. APHA: American Public Health Association (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21sh Edition. Washington, D.C. USA.
26. CCME( Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) (1999). "Canadian sediment quality guideline for the protection of aquatic life" .
27. CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) (2010). Canadian soil Quality guidelines for potentially carcinogenic and other PAHs: Scientific criteria ,document .CCME: Winnipeg.
28. Crommentuijn, T. ; Polder, M. D. and Van de Plassche E. J. (1997). Maximum permissible concentrations and negligible concentrations for metals, taking background concentrations into account, 260p.
29. De díaz, A. A. ; Gamboa, N. and García, J. (2001). Vanadium levels in gonads of white mullet (Mugil curema) in the Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela Nivel de vanadio en gónadas de lisa (mugil curema) en el Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Zootecnia Tropical, 19(2):165-172.
30. El-Amier, Y. A. ; Zahran, M. A. and Al-Mamory, S. H. (2015). Assessment the physico-chemical characteristics of water and sediment in Rosetta Branch, Egypt. J. Water Resour. Prot., 7, 1075– 108.
31. Fernandes, C. ; Fontaínhas-Fernandes, A. ; Cabral, D. and Salgado, M. A. (2008). Heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of Liza saliens from Esmoriz–Paramos lagoon, Portugal. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 136(1-3): 267-275.
32. Guerra-García, J. M. ; González-Vila, F. J. ; and García-Gómez, J. C. (2003). Aliphatic hydrocarbon pollution and macrobenthic assemblages in Ceuta harbour: a multivariate approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 263 : 127-138.
33. Hussian, N. A. and Grabe, S. A. (2009). A review of the water quality of the Mesopotamia (Southern Iraq) marshes prior to massive desication of the early 1990s. Marsh Bulletin. 4(2): 49-59
34. Hussein, Najah Abboud and Al-Najjar, Hussein Hamid Karim and Al-Saad, Hamid Talib and Yousef, Osama Hamed and Al-Sabunji, Azhar Ali (1991). Shatt Al-Arab - Basic Scientific Studies, Publications of the Center for Marine Sciences, University of Basra, 391 pages.
35. Ismail, Abbas Mortada and Hassan, Fikret Majeed (2007). Seasonal variations of phytoplankton in Alwand River - Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture 1: 59-69.
36. Jazza, S. H. (2015). The status of hydrocarbon compounds pollution of water, sediments and some aquatic biota in Al-Kahlaa River-Missan Province/Iraq. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, University of Basrah. 137pp.
37. Kafilzadeh, F. ; Shiva , A. H. ; and Malekpour, R. (2011). Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediments of the Kor River, Iran. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 10(1): 1-7.
38. Klenkin, A. A. ; Pavlenko, L. F. ; Skrypnik, G. V. and Larin A. A. (2010). Biogenic hydrocarbons and their effect on oil pollution estimates of the Sea of Azov. Water Resources Research, 37(5): 699- 705 .
39. Law (1981). Hydrocarbon concentration in water and sediment from U.K marine water determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 12: 153-157.
40. Mortazavi, S. ; Esmaeili, S. A. and Riahi, B. A.(2005). A determination of nikel to vanadium ratio in P.radiata and S.cucullata resulted from oil pollution in coastal fringes in hormozgan province , 58(1) :159-172
41. Olu,U.Bob Mananuel,K.&Ekweozer,I(2019).Levels of selected heavy metals in water and sediment of the Soku oil field area of the Niger Delta,Nigeria.J.Aquat.Poll.Toxicol.,3(1):25-36.
42. Pourang, N. ; Nikouyan, A. and Dennis, J. (2005). Trace Element Concentrations in Fish, Surficial Sediments and Water from Northern Part of the Persian Gulf. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment., 109(1-3): 293-316.
43. Quansah, R. ; Armah, F. A. ; Essumang, D. K. ; Luginaah, I. ; Clarke, E. ; Marfoh, K., ... and Dzodzomenyo, M. (2015). Association of arsenic with adverse pregnancy outcomes/infant mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental health perspectives, 123(5) : 412-421.
44. Rubio-Arias, H. ; Ochoa-Rivero, J. M. ; Quintana, R. M. ; SaucedoTeran, R. ; Ortiz-Delgado, R. C. ; Rey- Burciaga, N. I. and Espinoza-Prieto, J. R. (2013). Development of a water quality index (WQI) of an artificial aquatic ecosystem in mexico . Journal of Environmental Protection. 4(11):1296-1306.
45. Saleem, Fadia Mushtaq (2013). Using the Organic Pollution Index (OPI) for the descriptive and quantitative assessment of Shatt Al-Arab water - Iraq. Master Thesis, College of Science, University of Basra, 97 pages.
46. Song, Y. ; Ji, J. ; Mao, C. ; Yang, Z. ; Yuan, X. ; Ayoko, G. A. ; and Frost, R. L. .(2010). Heavy metal contamination in suspended solids of Changjiang River—environmental implications. Geoderma, 159(3-4), 286-295.
47. Tabari, H. ; Safar, M. and Mohammad, A. (2011). Long-term variations of water quality parameters in the Maroon River, Iran. Environ. Monit. Assess , 177:273–287.
48. Taghizadeh M, Solgia, M.; Karimib, M.&Others(2018). Heavy Metals Effects on Brassica Oleracea and Elements Accumulation by Salicylic Acid .Arch. Hyg. Sci., 7(1): 1-11
49. UNEP: United Nation Environmental Program (1989). Comparative toxicity test of water accommodated fraction of oils and oil dispersant's to marine organisms. Reference methods for marine pollution. No . 45 , 21 p.
50. Valdes, D. S. and Real, E. (2004). Nitrogen and phosphorus in water and sediment at Ria Lagartos coastal lagoon, Yucaton, Gulf of Mexico. Indian Journal of Marine Science, 33(4): 338-345
51. Watut, Ahmed Saadoun Fakher (2018). The concept of environmental pollution and pollution departments - Courses of the Faculty of Science, University of Babylon.
52. WHO: World Health Organization (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 4th edition . Geneva 27, Switzerland. (http://www.who.int.
53. WHO: World Health Organization (2018). A global overview of national regulations and standards for drinking–water quality:104 pp..
Published
2023-09-01
How to Cite
Younus, B. M., & Younis, H. M. (2023). The Impact of Population and Industrial Waste on the Waters of the Shatt Al-Arab, Basra, Southern Iraq. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(4), 619-632. Retrieved from https://www.cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/1762
Section
Articles
