Epidemiological Study of Entamoeba Histolytica among Children in Nasiriyah City, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Keywords:
Diarrhea, Entamoeba histolytica, amebiasis
Abstract
Diarrhea is characterized by increased stool frequency or the passage of watery stool more than three times in 24 hours. Entamoeba histolytica is a global gastrointestinal parasite that causes amebiasis, a common cause of diarrhea in humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of E. histolytica in stool samples from children with diarrhea in Nasiriyah City, Thi-qar Province, Iraq. From August 2022 to May 2023, a total of 2,639 stool samples were collected from children under seven years old. Microscopic examination and PCR techniques were used to analyze the samples. The results showed that 16.33% of the samples tested positive for E. histolytica using microscopic examination, while 83.67% tested negative. Among the positive samples, the highest percentage of infected patients (18.81%) was found in females, and the lowest percentage (14.66%) was found in males. The rural area had the highest percentage of infected patients (16.40%), while the urban area had the lowest percentage (16.22%). In terms of age groups, the highest percentage of infected patients (16.92%) was in the 6-7 years age group, and the lowest percentage (15.40%) was in the 0-1 years age group. PCR analysis of 90 samples showed that 74.44% tested positive for E. histolytica, while 25.56% tested negative. These findings provide insights into the prevalence of E. histolytica among diarrheic patients in the study area during the specified time period.
References
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32. Hadi, Z. S. (2011). A Study of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in Shatrah district/Thi-Qar governorate. Journal of Education for pure science. University of Thi-Qar, 1(5), 28-39.
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34. Arani, A. S., Alaghehbandan, R., Akhlaghi, L., Shahi, M., & Lari, A. R. (2008). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in a population in south of Tehran, Iran. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 50, 145-149.
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39. Alkhuzaey, A. A. (2019). Co-infection of intestinal parasites and Helicobacter pylori in Patients with Chronic Diarrhea in Some Districts of Thi-Qar province. .(Thesis). College of Science – University of Thi-Qar.
2. Marie C. (2014). Regulation of virulence of Entamoeba histolytica. Annu Rev Microbiol.;68:493-520
3. Ohnishi K, Kato Y, Imamura A, Fukayama M, Tsunoda T, Sakaue Y, (2004). Present characteristics of symptomatic Entamoeba histolytica infection in the big cities of Japan. Epidemiol Infect; 132:57-60
4. Parija SC, Khairnar K. (2005). Entamoeba moshkovskii and Entamoeba dispar-associated infections in pondicherry, India. J Health Popul Nutr; 23:292-295.
5. Herricks JR, Hotez PJ, Wanga V, (2013). The global burden of disease study: what does it mean for the NTDs? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005424
6. Shirley DT, Farr L, Watanabe K, Moonah S. (2018). A review of the global burden, new diagnostics, and current therapeutics for amebiasis. Open Forum Infect Dis.;5:ofy161
7. Tellevik MG, Moyo SJ, Blomberg B, (2015). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia among young children with and without diarrhea in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis.; 9:e0004125
8. Petri WA Jr, Mondal D, Peterson KM, Duggal P, Haque R. (2009). Association of malnutrition with amebiasis. Nutr Rev.;67:S207-S215.
9. Nath, J., Ghosh, S. K., Singha, B., & Paul, J. (2015). Molecular epidemiology of amoebiasis: a cross-sectional study among North East Indian population. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 9(12), e0004225.
10. Rojas, L., Morán, P., Valadez, A., Gómez, A., González, E., Hernández, E., ... & Ximénez, C. (2016). Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection in Mexican school children: genotyping and phylogenetic relationship. BMC infectious diseases, 16(1), 1-12.
11. Guevara, Á., Vicuña, Y., Costales, D., Vivero, S., Anselmi, M., Bisoffi, Z., & Formenti, F. (2019). Use of real-time polymerase chain reaction to differentiate between pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica and the nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar in Ecuador. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 100(1), 81.
12. Gomes, T. D. S., Garcia, M. C., Souza Cunha, F. D., Werneck de Macedo, H., Peralta, J. M., & Peralta, R. H. S. (2014). Differential diagnosis of Entamoeba spp. in clinical stool samples using SYBR green real-time polymerase chain reaction. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
13. Saidin, S., Othman, N., & Noordin, R. (2019). Update on laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 38, 15-38.
14. Nasrallah, J., Akhoundi, M., Haouchine, D., Marteau, A., Mantelet, S., Wind, P., ... & Izri, A. (2022). Updates on the worldwide burden of amoebiasis: A case series and literature review. Journal of Infection and Public Health.
15. Al-Dalabeeh, E. A., Irshaid, F. I., Roy, S., Ali, I. K. M., & Al-Shudifat, A. M. (2020). Identification of Entamoeba histolytica in Patients with Suspected Amebiasis in Jordan Using PCR-based Assays. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS, 23(2), 166-172.
16. Hadi, F. A., Hashim, H. O., Alaa, H. O. A., & Al-Shuhaib, M. B. S. (2019). Identification of serious clinical amebic dysentery cases in the middle Euphrates region of Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences, 19(2), 148-154.
17. López-López, P., Martínez-López, M. C., Boldo-León, X. M., Hernández-Díaz, Y., González-Castro, T. B., Tovilla-Zárate, C. A., & Luna-Arias, J. P. (2017). Detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in clinical samples through PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 50.
18. Samie A, ElBakri A, AbuOdeh RE. Amoebiasis in the tropics: epidemiology and pathogenesis; 2012 [cited 2021 Jun 3]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/current-topics-intropical-medicine
19. AL-Kubaisy, W., AL-Talib, H., Alkhateeb, A. and Shanshal, M.M. (2014). Intestinal Parasitic Diarrhea among Children in Baghdad Iraq. Trop. Biomed., 31 (3): 499 -506.
20. Al-Aboody, B. A., Salim, A. R., Aziz, M. Y., Zuid, T. I. (2020). Molecular Detection and Prevalence of Giardia lamblia Among Patients with Diarrheia in Al-Rifai City/ ThiQar Province. Iraqi Journal of Biotechnology, April, 19(1), 8-17
21. Liang, S. Y., Chan, Y. H., Hsia, K. T., Lee, J. L., Kuo, M. C., Hwa, K. Y., ... & Ji, D. D. (2009). Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Entamoeba histolytica. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 47(6), 1892-1895.
22. Haque R, Petri WA. (2006). Diagnosis of amebiasis in Bangladesh. Archives of Medical Research;37(2):272e5.
23. Kantor, M., Abrantes, A., Estevez, A., Schiller, A., Torrent, J., Gascon, J., ... and Ochner, C. (2018). Entamoeba histolytica: updates in clinical manifestation, pathogenesis, and vaccine development. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2018.
24. Alyousefi, N. A. (2012). Molecular Epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium Among Outpatients in Sana ’ a City , Yemen. KSA Science Jornal, 225.
25. Ihsan, Al-warid, Saeed, H., Albahadely and Hussein. (2017). ScienceDirect The prevalence of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica / dispar among Iraqi provinces. Karbala International Journal of Modern Science, 3(2), 93–96.
26. Chalabi, K. N. (2018). A meta-analysis of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar in Iraq. bioRxiv, 435495.
27. Al-Sultany, A. K., and Al-Morshidy, K. A. H. (2023). An Epidemiological Study of Intestinal Parasites in Children Attending the Pediatric Teaching Hospital in the Holy City of Karbala, Iraq. Medical Journal of Babylon, 20(1).
28. Al-Waaly, A. B. M., Shubber, H. W. K., and Mohammed, M. K. (2020). Prevalence and pattern of intestinal parasites in children in Al-Diwaniyah city, middle Iraq Prevalence and Pattern of Intestinal Parasites in Children in Al-Diwaniyah City, Middle Iraq. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 51(1), 177-187.
29. Shakir, J. M. and Hussein, A. A. (2014). Frequency of intestinal parasitic infection among children under 5 years of age in Baghdad province. International Journal of Advanced Research Journalwww.Journalijar.Com
30. Salim, A. R. (2018). Molecular detection and prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum , Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia among patients with diarrhea at Al-Rifea city.(Thesis). College of Science – University of Thi-Qar.
31. Ibrahim, A., Ali, Y. B. M., Abdel-Aziz, A. and El-Badry, A. A. (2019). Helicobacter pylori and enteric parasites co-infection among diarrheic and non-diarrheic Egyptian children: seasonality, estimated risks, and predictive factors. Journal of Parasitic Diseases.
32. Hadi, Z. S. (2011). A Study of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in Shatrah district/Thi-Qar governorate. Journal of Education for pure science. University of Thi-Qar, 1(5), 28-39.
33. Jabbar A. K.(2017). study the role of an insect house fly Musca domestica in the transfer cyst parasite Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica causes of diarrhea in the province of Babylon. journal of kerbala university, 15(1).
34. Arani, A. S., Alaghehbandan, R., Akhlaghi, L., Shahi, M., & Lari, A. R. (2008). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in a population in south of Tehran, Iran. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 50, 145-149.
35. Ngui, R., Angal, L., Fakhrurrazi, S. A., Lian, Y. L. A., Ling, L. Y., Ibrahim, J., & Mahmud, R. (2012). Differentiating Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in rural communities in Malaysia. Parasites & vectors, 5, 1-7.
36. Roy, S., Kabir, M., Mondal, D., Ali, I. K., Petri, W. A., Jr, & Haque, R. (2005). Real-time-PCR assay for diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infection. Journal of clinical microbiology, 43(5), 2168–2172.
37. Shareef, M. M. A. (2022). Molecular Identification and Characterization of Amoeba Species from Different Geographical Regions in The West-Bank, Palestine.
38. Ngosso, B. E., Nkwengulila, G., & Namkinga, L. A. (2015). Identification of pathogenic intestinal parasitic protozoa associated with diarrhea among under-fives children in dar es salaam, Tanzania. International Invention Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2(4), 49-55.
39. Alkhuzaey, A. A. (2019). Co-infection of intestinal parasites and Helicobacter pylori in Patients with Chronic Diarrhea in Some Districts of Thi-Qar province. .(Thesis). College of Science – University of Thi-Qar.
Published
2023-09-01
How to Cite
Lghewei, H. A., & Abd, N. J. (2023). Epidemiological Study of Entamoeba Histolytica among Children in Nasiriyah City, Thi-Qar, Iraq. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(4), 609-618. Retrieved from https://www.cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/1760
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Articles
