Study of Some Ginkgo Biloba Contents and Effect of their Extracts as Antioxidants and Antibacterial
Keywords:
Ginkgo biloba, Amino acids, Phenolic compounds, Antioxidants, Antibacterial
Abstract
Biloba ginkgo leaves are one of the most popular herbal medicines. The purpose of this study was to use ginkgo Biloba leaf extracts to find out how many free amino acids are in a sample. Phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids, were estimated in the two types of extracts using the high-performance liquid chromatography device (HPLC) and many other important biologically active factors due to their benefits to human health and antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Aqueous extracts and ethanol showed nine types of amino acids, the highest of which was cysteine. In addition to containing good numbers and quantities of phenolic compounds, many of which contain multiple biological properties such as antioxidant and antibacterial, this research has been carried out. An antioxidant analysis showed that ethanol extract showed more antioxidant properties than aqueous extract. However, compared to vitamin C measurement, both extract sections were able to inhibit a good ratio of 1, 1- diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) with a good excellent ratio balance. The maximum activity of DPPH root rickets for vitamin C (69.4) ppm, ethanol extract (185.58) ppm, and aqueous extraction (251) ppm were concentrated. The antibacterial activity showed a maximum inhibition area of 24 mm for Staphylococcus aureus as Shigella flexneri at a concentration of 500 ppm.
References
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7. B. Kelly and E. L. Pearce, “Amino Assets: How Amino Acids Support Immunity,” Cell Metab., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 154–175, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.010.
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9. J. Liu, T. Mu, H. Sun, and M. L. Fauconnier, “Optimization of ultrasonic–microwave synergistic extraction of flavonoids from sweet potato leaves by response surface methodology,” J. Food Process. Preserv., vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1–10, 2019, doi: 10.1111/jfpp.13928.
10. A. Scarano, M. Chieppa, and A. Santino, “Looking at flavonoid biodiversity in horticultural crops: A colored mine with nutritional benefits,” Plants, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1–22, 2018, doi: 10.3390/plants7040098.
11. J. Liu, X. Wang, H. Yong, J. Kan, and C. Jin, “Recent advances in flavonoid-grafted polysaccharides: Synthesis, structural characterization, bioactivities and potential applications,” Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 116, no. 2017, pp. 1011–1025, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.149.
12. A. Ali Alomari, “Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic, Flavonoid and Antioxidant Compounds from Dodonaea Viscose and Its Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Aqueous Extract,” Orient. J. Chem., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 179–188, 2020, doi: 10.13005/ojc/360124.
13. S. M. Nabavi et al., “Flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in plants: Versatile targets for metabolic engineering,” Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 38, p. #pagerange#, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.005.
14. C. Rodríguez-García, C. Sánchez-Quesada, J. J. Gaforio, and J. J. Gaforio, “Dietary flavonoids as cancer chemopreventive agents: An updated review of human studies,” Antioxidants, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1–23, 2019, doi: 10.3390/antiox8050137.
15. N. Yahfoufi, N. Alsadi, M. Jambi, and C. Matar, “The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory role of polyphenols,” Nutrients, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1–23, 2018, doi: 10.3390/nu10111618.
16. M. Abotaleb et al., “Flavonoids in cancer and apoptosis,” Cancers (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.3390/cancers11010028.
17. S. Chirumbolo, G. Bjørklund, R. Lysiuk, A. Vella, L. Lenchyk, and T. Upyr, “Targeting cancer with phytochemicals via their fine tuning of the cell survival signaling pathways,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 19, no. 11, 2018, doi: 10.3390/ijms19113568.
18. İ. Gulcin, Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: an updated overview, vol. 94, no. 3. 2020.
19. A. Yadav, R. Kumari, A. Yadav, J. P. Mishra, S. Srivatva, and S. Prabha, “Antioxidants and its functions in human body-A Review. Research in Environment and Life Sciences, 9(11), 1328-1331.,” no. November, 2016.
20. O. Khalis and M. T. Mohammed, “HIGHLIGHT ON CRITICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS PATHWAY IN,” vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 12450–12456.
21. P. P. Fu, Q. Xia, H. M. Hwang, P. C. Ray, and H. Yu, “Mechanisms of nanotoxicity: Generation of reactive oxygen species,” J. Food Drug Anal., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 64–75, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.005.
22. A. D. Gupta and D. Rajpurohit, “Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans),” Nuts Seeds Heal. Dis. Prev., no. January 2018, pp. 831–839, 2011, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-375688-6.10098-2.
23. Manisha P. More et al., “Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical application of Ginkgo biloba,” GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 229–240, 2021, doi: 10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.2.0249.
24. H. İ. Ulusoy, H. Acıdereli, and U. Tutar, “Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Fat Soluble Vitamins and Major Element Analysis in Polygonum Cognatum Meissn Plant (Madimak),” J. Turkish Chem. Soc. Sect. A Chem., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 165–165, 2016, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.287323.
25. S. Sedehi, H. Tabani, and S. Nojavan, “Electro-driven extraction of polar compounds using agarose gel as a new membrane: Determination of amino acids in fruit juice and human plasma samples,” Talanta, vol. 179, pp. 318–325, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.11.009.
26. Y. Li, R. Wang, Y. Lin, B. Han, B. Wang, and S. Wang, “Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic acid glycosides in Ginkgo biloba L. leaf, G. biloba leaf extract and its injection,” Biomed. Chromatogr., vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 0–2, 2020, doi: 10.1002/bmc.4964.
27. P. Sati, P. Dhyani, I. D. Bhatt, and A. Pandey, “Ginkgo biloba flavonoid glycosides in antimicrobial perspective with reference to extraction method,” J. Tradit. Complement. Med., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 15–23, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.10.003.
28. M. C. Urabee, J. O. Abdulsattar, and Z. N. Nasif, “Phytochemical Profile, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Activity and Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitory Properties of Nutmeg (Myristica Fragrans) Seeds Extract,” Egypt. J. Chem., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 317–326, 2022, doi: 10.21608/EJCHEM.2021.78192.3831.
29. A. Szewczyk et al., “Phenylalanine increases the production of antioxidant phenolic acids in ginkgo biloba cell cultures,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 16, 2021, doi: 10.3390/molecules26164965.
30. P. Kandasamy, G. Gyimesi, Y. Kanai, and M. A. Hediger, “Amino acid transporters revisited: New views in health and disease,” Trends Biochem. Sci., vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 752–789, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.05.003.
31. Y. Hou, Y. Yin, and G. Wu, “Dietary essentiality of ‘nutritionally non-essential amino acids’ for animals and humans,” Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 240, no. 8, pp. 997–1007, 2015, doi: 10.1177/1535370215587913.
32. J. Marczuk, P. Brodzki, A. Brodzki, and Kurek, “The concentration of free amino acids in blood serum of dairy cows with primary ketosis,” Pol. J. Vet. Sci., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 149–156, 2018, doi: 10.24425/119033.
33. M. Farina and M. Aschner, “Methylmercury-Induced Neurotoxicity: Focus on Pro-oxidative Events and Related Consequences,” Adv. Neurobiol., vol. 18, pp. 267–286, 2017, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_13.
34. L. Term, S. Hypoxic, and R. A. T. Brain, “Acta Biochimica Indonesiana.”
35. M. W. Birmani et al., “Importance of Arginine as Immune Regulator in Animal Nutrition,” Int. J. Vet. Sci. Res., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2019, doi: 10.18488/journal.110.2019.51.1.10.
36. B. Pedre, U. Barayeu, D. Ezeriņa, and T. P. Dick, “The mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC): The emerging role of H2S and sulfane sulfur species,” Pharmacol. Ther., vol. 228, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107916.
37. Engel, “済無No Title No Title No Title,” Pap. Knowl. . Towar. a Media Hist. Doc., 2014.
38. N. Salamanca, I. Giráldez, E. Morales, I. de La Rosa, and M. Herrera, “Phenylalanine and tyrosine as feed additives for reducing stress and enhancing welfare in gilthead seabream and meagre,” Animals, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2021, doi: 10.3390/ani11010045.
39. M. M. Jucá et al., “Flavonoids: biological activities and therapeutic potential,” Nat. Prod. Res., vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 692–705, 2020, doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1493588.
40. M. Ashrafizadeh, Z. Ahmadi, T. Farkhondeh, and S. Samarghandian, “Autophagy regulation using luteolin: new insight into its anti-tumor activity,” Cancer Cell Int., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2020, doi: 10.1186/s12935-020-01634-9.
41. C. Spagnuolo, S. Moccia, and G. L. Russo, “Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids in neurodegenerative disorders,” Eur. J. Med. Chem., vol. 153, pp. 105–115, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.001.
42. C. Bessa, T. Francisco, R. Dias, N. Mateus, V. de Freitas, and R. Pérez-Gregorio, “Use of Polyphenols as Modulators of Food Allergies. From Chemistry to Biological Implications,” Front. Sustain. Food Syst., vol. 5, no. July, pp. 1–18, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.623611.
43. S. Ramapatruni, S. N. Narayanan, S. Mittal, A. Joshi, and K. Joshi, “Please provide feedback Please support the ScholarWorks @ UMBC repository by emailing scholarworks-group@umbc.edu and telling us what having access to this work means to you and why it ’ s important to you . Thank you . Anomaly Detection Models for Smart ,” 2019.
44. S. Lalani and C. L. Poh, “Flavonoids as antiviral agents for enterovirus A71 (EV-A71),” Viruses, vol. 12, no. 2, 2020, doi: 10.3390/v12020184.
45. P. Nisar, N. Ali, L. Rahman, M. Ali, and Z. K. Shinwari, “Antimicrobial activities of biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles: an insight into the mechanism of action,” J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 929–941, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s00775-019-01717-7.
46. S. Pereira et al., “Lipoplexes to deliver oligonucleotides in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: Towards treatment of blood infections,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 13, no. 7, 2021, doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070989.
47. X. Zhou, Y. Qi, and T. Chen, “Long-term pre-treatment of antioxidant Ginkgo biloba extract EGb-761 attenuates cerebral-ischemia-induced neuronal damage in aged mice,” Biomed. Pharmacother., vol. 85, pp. 256–263, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.013.
48. J. Cao, L. Chen, M. Li, F. Cao, L. Zhao, and E. Su, “Efficient extraction of proanthocyanidin from Ginkgo biloba leaves employing rationally designed deep eutectic solvent-water mixture and evaluation of the antioxidant activity,” J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., vol. 158, pp. 317–326, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.007.
49. N. O. Kingsley and U. K. Ikechukwu, “Investigation of the Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous and Ethanol Leaf Extracts Investigation of the Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous and Ethanol Leaf Extracts of Ginkgo biloba from South-East Nigeria,” no. September, 2019, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29317.70881.
Published
2023-08-10
How to Cite
Aseel Khalil Ibraheem, Mustafa Taha Mohammed, & Mohammed Z. Thani. (2023). Study of Some Ginkgo Biloba Contents and Effect of their Extracts as Antioxidants and Antibacterial. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(4), 353-365. Retrieved from https://www.cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/1707
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